Iris Publishers-Open access Journal of Modern Concepts in Material Science | Nondestructive Evaluation an Integral Part of Engineering

Authored by Leonard J Bond



Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) started as a tool to assess workmanship. Together with the related fields of condition-based maintenance and structural health it is recognized as central to ensuring initial product quality, as well as safety and reliability in service. NDT&E is now seeing another metamorphosis: it is moving from being focused on assessing and ensuring its reliability and both detection and sizing of discrete defects to a more complete material state assessment. It is becoming an integral part of in-process measurement and QA/QC including a range of advanced processes and materials.
Since the 1950’s nondestructive testing (NDT) has also become known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and it has been an area that has seen continued research, growth and evolution. It is an area closely linked to applications in aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, material science and engineering, mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering, petroleum engineering and based firmly on fundamental physics phenomena of energy-material interaction It is an interdisciplinary endeavor that is as essential to engineering practice as stress analysis, including for life estimation and prognostics.
The various NDT&E measurement modalities, including using x-ray, ultrasound, electromagnetics as well as magnetic particles and penetrants have tended in large part to be relegated to be an after though, only applied at the end of a manufacturing process. Increased use of advanced manufacturing, including using composites, additively manufactured materials, ceramics and a diverse range glued and solid state joints need material characterization and microstructural level assessments, as well as parameters such as local, nondestructively measured, bond strength data, if new materials, design concepts and applications and to be fully utilized. There is no-longer an assumption of assuring freedom from defects, designs need to live with a defined acceptable population of and allowable anomalies, and parts need to be retired based on an assessed condition rather than at a nominal life.
There is a need to consider design for inspect ability, both for finished parts when using changing technologies including computed tomography and ultrasonic phased array combined with design application of NDE and stress analysis both using computer modeling. Inspection data then needs to be able to be analyzed in the context of a 3-D visualization and finite element analysis. There is also a need for new tools and techniques that reduce the unreliability of the human aspects of inspection and use both automation and robotics, with data analysis to provide capability for both real-time and remote inspection assessment, including using wireless technologies in the context of innovations such as Industry 4.0.
The changes in the needed capabilities of NDE for material state assessment and analysis cannot just be met using a technician level activity with an ASNT or other entity certified inspector. There is a need for design and stress analysis engineers to have a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of a multitude of NDE methods, including the statistics of performance measured using a probability of detection (POD) analysis. There is a need for at least some staff in manufacturing who can be an NDE Engineer. Outside the USA such engineers are now increasingly being seen.
In looking at the changing landscape as NDE become material state awareness (MSA) a fundamental question is how to meet the science and technology needs for advanced manufacturing and the staffing skill set given loss of experts through retirement and engineering workforce demographics. Not everyone in manufacturing needs to be an NDE expert, but a pipeline is need to provide experts for industry, researchers for the R&D community in national laboratories and academia, who have the interdisciplinary skill set required to address critical quality challenges, provide insitu capabilities for advanced manufacturing and meet the needs of advanced QA/QC support for development and application engineers.

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Iris Publishers-Open access Journal of Modern Concepts in Material Science | Overview on FRB pre-stressed Tendons and its Fatigue Behavior

Authored by Ahmed I Hassanin

Due to population growth and development of industry and transportation, the environment of human is started to become considerably polluted. Aggressive atmosphere and ground water increase the risk of corrosion of embedded reinforcement in concrete. The addition of waterproofing materials on concrete surface to minimize the amount of water and air that reaches the steel reinforcements through cracks. But waterproof materials are often expensive and need maintenance several times over the structure’s lifetime. The situation is more dangerous for pre-stressing tendons in pre-stressed bridges, deterioration of highway concrete bridges due to tendon corrosion has been large problem in many countries. Structural engineers dealing with durability of concrete greatly concern about possibilities to improve service life of embedded reinforcements.
Several proposals have been presented so far from the developments of concrete technology to the use of epoxy coated reinforcements; however, these did not always lead to the expected results. Early man was aware of the basic principle that a composite material is greater than the sum of its parts. For example, clay and straw were found to be stronger than clay alone; straw being the fibrous reinforcement and clay being the matrix. Currently, worldwide research is going on to find suitable FRP materials such as FRP reinforcing bars, pre-stressing tendons/strands, plates, and sheets for internally and externally reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures and to derive best possible structural efficiency in terms of structural strength and life with little maintenance. All the FRP materials have added advantages over the conventional materials, due to its superior strength, stiffness, and durability qualities.

Production Procedures

Although a variety of techniques can be used to manufacture FRP shapes, a technique called pultrusion is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of FRP reinforcing rods. In this technique, continuous strands of the fibres are drawn from creels (spools of fibres) through a resin tank, where they are saturated with resin, pulled through several wiper rings, and finally pulled through a heated die. This process simultaneously forms, and heat cures the FRP into a reinforcing rod. To ensure a strong bond with concrete, a surface treatment is applied consisting of a spiral, or a braided wrap, or a coating of sand embedded in the outer surface of the polymer matrix [1]. The pultrusion process is illustrated schematically at (Figure 1).

Background About FRP

The first used type of fiber reinforced polyester composites was a glass and used in the aircraft industry during the 1940s. This was followed some years later by the first non-military application in the marine sector, where FRP proved a complete innovation – revolutionizing the way boats were built. Idea of using glass fiber as reinforcement instead of steel in concrete structures has already appeared in the 1950s, beam tests were also carried out [2]. These trials were unsuccessful, because glass fiber reinforcements available at that time had a bad bond performance. After a long silent period, use of fiber reinforced polymers as reinforcement appeared again in the 1970. In Germany, Japan and some other countries, main field of research focused on glass fiber reinforced polymer. Bayer AG (Germany) produced the first commercially available non-corrosive pre-stressing tendon, with the brand name Polystal HLV (Hochleistung-Verbundstab). Supplier developed the full prestressing system with the use of glass fiber reinforced polymer tendons and anchoring devices. Applicability of the new material was investigated on full-scale experiments. The first bridge application – a prestressed concrete bridge – was constructed at 1980s, in Düsseldorf. In the next few years another three bridges were constructed with Polystal in Germany. Then several experimental and full-scale applications could be found all over the world of glass fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement in bridges (Sweden, Soviet Union, Japan, USA, etc.). However, the widespread use stopped due to the simple fact, that ordinary glass fibers were not alkaline resistant enough, therefore, suffered considerable deterioration in the alkaline environment of concrete. The widespread use returns again, when Manufacturers discover a new thing in the glass fibers creation that makes special chemical composition. This thing called (urethane-modified vinylester) that makes the reinforcement alkaline resistant. Manufacturers guarantee the resistance against alkalinity. AS a result of the research work in the 1980s, aramid and carbon fibers were developed. Because of their high price these new fibers were used in the beginning mainly for aerospace research and military purposes (bullet-proof vests). Gradual price reduction made possible civil aircraft, automotive, electronics (loudspeakers) and sport equipment (skis, tennis rackets (applications as well.For civil engineering purposes (reinforcement for concrete structures) the first aramid fiber reinforced polymer bars (FiBRA Technora) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer bars (CFCC, Leadline) were produced in Japan. Highest quantities of these reinforcements are still produced in Japan. In Europe producers can be found in Italy (Arapree, Carbopree) or in The Netherlands (Carbon-Stress). Main advantages of aramid and carbon fibers besides their high tensile strength their excellent fatigue strength and resistance to all kinds of aggressive environments. In North America, Japan and Europe more and more new bridges are constructed with non-metallic reinforcements. With increasing experiences of these alternative applications, the use of FRPs – mainly CFRP – can spread in addition to probably more price reductions. During the 1990’s, several demonstration projects in Canada showed the potential of FRP applications. In 1993, the Beddington Trail Bridge was built in Calgary, Alberta using FRP pre-tensioned tendons and incorporating fiber optic sensors for ongoing structural health monitoring [3]. This was the first bridge of its kind in North America, and one of the first in the world. A second bridge, Taylor Bridge, incorporating FRP pre-stressing tendons was built at Headingly, Manitoba in 1997. In the United States, the Bridge Street Bridge in Southfield, Michigan was completed in 2001, and used bonded and un-bonded carbon FRP (CFRP) pre-stressing tendons.

Characteristics and properties of FRP tendons

Fiber reinforced polymers are anisotropic composite materials, consisting of high-strength fibers embedded in a light polymer resin matrix. The mechanical properties of an FRP product such as strength and stiffness are highly dependent on: the mechanical properties of the fiber and the matrix, the fiber volume fraction of the composite, the degree of fiber matrix interfacial adhesion, the fiber cross section, quality, and orientation within the matrix, the loading history, duration, environmental conditions, and the method of manufacturing. These factors are interdependent, and consequently it is difficult to determine the specific effect of each factor in isolation.
Relaxation: Further experimental results on the relaxation of several types of fiber strands were made. Relaxation of 3000 hours were investigated at 20, 40 and 60 °C under initial stress level of 0.70 of ultimate stress [4] (Figure 2).

Creep and long-term strength: Dealing with creep of FRP two issues can be defined: one is the strain increment due to creep (Δεf) and the other one is the long-term tensile strength under long term loading. Experimental results on the long-term tensile strength of various FRP reinforcements are given in (Figure 3) [5]. Superior properties of CFRP materials can be observed with long term residual strength after 100 years of more than 90 percent of short-term tensile strength (Figure 3).
Fatigue: Based on the limited data on fatigue tests with CFRP reinforcements it can be stated that fatigue strength of CFRP is much higher than that of conventional steel prestressing materials. Results on CFCC strands are presented in (Figure 4) [6]. In the tests load cycles were repeated until 2 million repetitions and fatigue failures of CFRP as well as control steel strands were recorded. Mean stress and stress amplitude were increased during load history. Horizontal axis in (Figure 4) represents mean stress, while vertical axis represents stress amplitude. Empty marks demonstrate specimens that could carry 2 million repetitions without failure. Filled marks demonstrate specimens of fatigue failure. It can be concluded that fatigue failure of CFCC occurs over 300 N/mm2 of stress amplitude, which is more than 3 times higher than that of control steel strands (Figure 4).


Tensile strength and young’s modulus: Tensile strength and Young’s modulus of FRP reinforcements depend on mainly the type of fibers, the volumetric ratio of fibers (usually more than 60 percent), the angle between load carrying fibers and longitudinal axis of reinforcement, the shape of the cross section of the rebar and diameter of the reinforcement (Table 1)[7].
Table 1: Tensile properties of pre-stressing tendons according to (CAN/CSA-S806-02) [7].

Transfer and development lengths

In general, Transfer and Development lengths of FRP tendons could be influenced by [8]:
• Tensile strength.
• Modulus of elasticity.
• Cross-sectional shape.
• Surface preparation (braided deformed, smooth).
• Type and volume of fiber and matrix.
• The method of force transfer.
• Concrete strength and cover (Table 2).

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Iris Publishers-Open access Journal of Urology & Nephrology | Tubeless Ureterorenoscopy. A Dangerous Adventure or “Fresh Wind” Relied on Skills, Technique and New Technology?

Authored by Itay M Sabler


Upper urinary tract endoscopic stone treatment includes intracorporeal lithotripsy, usually using Holmium laser fiber, and temporary drainage of the upper urinary tract postoperatively. Almost absolute endourologic routine is to leave Double-J stent (DJS) for several weeks or ureteral catheter attached to urethral catheter for 24–72 hours. The reason for that is to prevent postoperative pain and infection due to local edema at the ureteral orifice, and upper urinary tract obstruction. On the other hand, postoperative tubing is known to cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), abdominal and flank pain. Postoperative tubing may cause additional emergency department visits, analgesics use, preliminary interventions and in case of DJS, usually demands invasive procedure, sometimes under general anesthesia in order to retrieve the stent after predetermined period of carriage. At the end of Tubeless Ureterorenoscopy (URS) for treatment of kidney and ureteral stones – no drainage left. Patient comfort advantages of tubeless approach are obvious, but fear of obstruction precluded urologist all over the world from leaving upper tracts undrained for decades. These days, technological achievements enable endourologists to use miniaturized flexible or semirigid ureteroscopes and novel high-power laser machines, minimizing upper urinary tract damage during the procedure and promoting a very effective stone dusting never seen before. These factors permit, in selected cases, to avoid postoperative tubing, reduce LUTS, and shorten hospitalization period facilitating ambulatory nature of the procedure with overall decreasing costs.
Conclusion:
A tubeless approach is safe in properly selected uncomplicated cases. The postoperative period is at least the same as in drained patients, avoiding long term postoperative stent related symptoms. More RCT are needed to point the place for safe tubeless endourologic procedures.
Keywords: Ureterorenoscopy; Tubeless; Upper urinary tract drainage; Kidney stones; Ureteral stones; Lithotripsy
Abbreviations:URS- Ureterorenoscopy, LUTS - Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; DJS - Double J Stent; UC - Ureteral Catheter; SWL - Shock Wave Lithotripsy; RCT - Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction

Dramatic financial investments and technologic advancement of Endourology during the last few decades are well known and appreciated. This fact locates it at a spearhead of modern urology and medicine. New technologies and techniques are available, new approaches are developed. Tubeless upper urinary tract procedures are not new, and the necessity of postoperative drainage has been debated for decades [1]. A ureteral catheter (UC) and Double-J stent (DJS) are used routinely all other the world to avoid postoperative pain, prevent infections and strictures and facilitate fragments expulsion. The concern is obstruction secondary to intramural ureteral edema [2]. Despite that, foreign bodies left postoperatively cause symptoms that include LUTS, flank or abdominal pain and are recognized and managed at immediate postoperative and longterm periods, and sometimes demand urgent interventions. The extraction of the DJS is done by local or general anesthesia by an invasive cystoscopy. It’s been shown that postoperative drainage doesn’t carry any significant advantages over the tubeless procedure in stone-free, infections, morbidity or analgesia requirements after uncomplicated URS [3,4].

Discussion

In our series of above 500 cases of endoscopic upper urinary tract stones treatment, about 40% of patients were left tubeless and had the same analgesic demands at an immediate postoperative period as those drained by UC, which necessitates urethral catheter attachment causing additional lower tract symptoms. Further on, it was shown that the stone burden affected significantly the decision of postoperative drainage type and tubeless were preferably left cases with a relatively low one. In our practice, stone volume, density, and preoperative severe hydronephrosis affected the decision to drain the upper tract significantly. More than that, higher stone volume and higher stone density produce a considerable volume of bigger fragments, and postoperative drainage of the upper urinary tract was necessary. In other cases, according to our data, a stent or a UC may be omitted [5].
We use a sheath less dusting technique in our routine URS practice for stone management. Access sheaths, widely used in endourologic practice, enable better visualization during the procedure and prevent elevation of intrapelvic intraoperative pressure, one of the possible causes of postoperative infectious complications. On the other hand, tiny ureteral lumen, is unavoidably traumatized by access sheath insertion and always necessitates postoperative drainage to let edema to subside and ureteral urothelium to heal. On the contrary, the sheath less approach using miniaturized, flexible ureteroscope in the absence of traumatic ureteral engagement, enables safe tubeless procedures.
In order to understand better the essence behind the tubeless approach, we should remember Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) treatment [6]. No tubing is usually needed or used after the procedure for kidney stones of less than or equal to 10 mm in length or small ureteral stones treatment. No doubt, SWL has less ability to control produced stone particles size than endoscopic approach, thus having increased risk of obstruction further on, when those fragment rush through the ureter to be expelled into the bladder.
Another important factor is, as was mentioned before, tremendous technological achievements of the last decade and among them the invention of powerful lasers able to fast and efficiently break the stones intracorporeally. One of the latest examples of the development of laser technology is Lumenis Pulse and Versa Pulse® Power Suite™ using MosesTM technology. The power is delivered through laser fibers at 120Watt max. The repetition rates up to 80 Hertz and low energy pulses (0.2-0.6 Joules) enable efficient and fast dusting of renal and ureteral stones. The conclusions of the preclinical comparison trial were that MosesTM showed more efficient laser lithotripsy and significantly reduced stone retropulsion resulting in significantly shorter operation time and higher safety [7].
Such powerful devices produce “dust” so small particles that their passive expulsion, later can be asymptomatic even in the postoperatively undrained patient. Despite that, the stone burden size treated by the dusting technique should be carefully analyzed by the endourologist. High stone volume produces a big amount of dust and precaution should be undertaken by postoperative DJS draining, for dilatation of the upper tract and avoiding the stone street of dust particles to obstruct the kidney.
Some examples of brief literature review, that revealed quite sparse data, are: Byrne et al showed no difference in LUTS between the stented and tubeless groups at POD 1, but symptoms were significantly reduced further on in tubeless cases [8]. Denstedt et al stated that routine stenting is not mandatory after uncomplicated URS and noted significantly more symptoms in stented patients without complications or stone-free difference [9]. Stenting failed to improve stone-free and, instead, caused additional complications in Wang et al combined data from 22 RCT, but worth mentioning, that stenting prevented re-hospitalization [10].
No doubt, careful patient selection, endoscopic technique, and technological achievements are three main parameters that enable safe tubeless URS. In order to conclude the place, and appoint indications and cut off for tubeless approach there is a need for RCT directed to answer still existing questions about Stone burden limits? Patient and stone characteristics? Re-treatment and re-hospitalization rates? Stone free? Complications? Costs and operation time comparison? Additionally, would be interesting to divide tubeless and stented patients to stone volume subgroups in a prospective randomized trial with long term follow up.

Conclusion

There is no consensus or guidelines that select cases suitable for a safe tubeless approach. Short-term drainage with UC does not change the postoperative course and, therefore, its use postoperatively is questionable. The tubeless approach might be safe and justified, especially from a symptomatic point of view, in properly selected cases. Tubeless procedures might improve immediate and mid-term postoperative periods with equal stonefree rates and enable an outpatient approach to the upper urinary tract stones treatment. There is a need for properly constructed RCT to discover the pro’s and con’s and develop an intraoperative decision-making process relied on evidence-based data.

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Iris Publishers-Open access Journal of Urology & Nephrology | Peritoneal Dialysis in Emergency in Children:Mono Centric Study in a Service of Adult Nephrology of Eastern Algeria

Authored by Soumia Missoum

Introduction: Urgent peritoneal dialysis (PD) is very often the only possible technique for extra-renal dialysis in children in developing countries, mainly due to a lack of adequate hemodialysis equipment.
Patients and methods: Over a period of 4 years (2015-2018) we identified 36 children who required emergency PD, including 14 girls and 22 boys, the average age is 42 months (range 1month to 9 years), the average weight of 14.6 kg (3.1 kg to 25 kg). The technique used is the continuous acute DP with a Tenckhoff catheter, the volume of the intra peritoneal dialysate and the stasis times are in accordance with the European guidelines of 2014, the solutes used are the isotonic and punctually more concentrated solutions. All these parameters vary from one patient to another according to the desired objective.
Result: Of our 36 young, 23 had acute kidney injury AKI (02 septic shock, 09 tubular necrosis, 10 hemolytic and uremic syndromes, 02 obstructive AKI that were difficult to derivate), 13 with end stage chronic kidney disease CKD(congenital uropathy), the mean KT / V was 3.9 and the average UF 3.6 ml / kg / h, we had only two deaths due to complications of the initial pathology (septic shock), We did not have leaks or peritonitis, the most frequent complication was paradoxically hypokalemia (55% of cases), for AKI recovery of renal function was total in 100% of cases, for 13 cases of end stage CKD shift to chronic DP and pre-renal transplant checkup is the rule.
Discussion: Our results are encouraging; the management of dialysis emergencies in children in an adult nephrology service is a real challenge. A motivated and available technical platform has adapted to their care, emergency PD in children is increasingly present in our daily lives.
Conclusion: Emergency PD in children is not only a necessity imposed by the lack of pediatric hemodialysis equipment, but a method in itself and very effective.
Keywords: Algeria; Acute peritoneal dialysis; Children; Dialysis emergencies

Introduction

Peritoneal dialysis was widely accepted for the treatment of acute uremia, but its practice has gradually declined in favor of new techniques of extra-renal dialysis including continuous hemodiafiltration [1], it remains widely used in developing countries because of its low cost and minimal infrastructure requirements. This is especially true for pediatric cases [2]. A renewed interest in acute PD has developed in recent years following several studies comparing the results of this technique versus intermittent hemodialysis and continuous hemodiafiltration in adult AkI [3-5] and the child [6-12], giving back to the acute peritoneal dialysis its titles of nobility and it is all the more true in the pediatric population; This technique of easy access especially in emergency is very suitable for children in multivisral failure including cardiovascular, usable regardless of age or weight, including newborns and premature babies. [13,14] It brings nephrologists, resuscitators and pediatricians together for the same purpose. It has long been considered the method of choice for children in AKI [15]. It remains in some centers the only saving technique available of extreme urgency. [16,17].

Patients and Methods

It is a prospective study in a center of adult nephrology in eastern Algeria, spanning four years (January 2015 to January 2018) and thus including 36 children in dialysis emergency, controlled exclusively by the acute PD.
The choice of acute PD is based on hemodynamic stability on the one hand, and on the availability of hemodialysis equipment adapted to the age group and weight on the other. Tenckhoff catheter surgery is performed under general anesthesia by a referring pediatric surgeon. We use a Y system (the child stays connected until the bag is used up) in order to avoid the multiplication of manipulations to minimize the risk of infection. 500 IU/bag of heparin and 1 gr/ pouch of 3rd generation cephalosporin is administered in the 2liter PD bag systematically the first 48H.(Figure 1&2) We used the manual method (continuous acute PD), with 10 ml/kg/ exchange and a stasis of 30 min the first 24 hours, then progressive increase to a maximum of 30 ml/kg / cycle (maximal intra-peritoneal pressure at 10 cmH₂o) for infants and at 50 ml/kg/cycle (maximum intraperitoneal pressure at 14 cmH₂o) for children over 2 years of age. This Protocol complies with the 2014 European guidelines [18]. The maximum volume infused is determined by respiratory tolerance and clinical symptoms for each child. The stasis time is gradually increased to 3 hours on the second day. The punctual use of the intermediate or hypertonic pockets is decided on a case by case basis if the needs of the water balance of the child were not satisfied. Strict clinical monitoring with input-output and biological balance with daily assessment to evaluate the effectiveness of dialysis (KT/V calculation and evaluation of UF ultrafiltration obtained).

Result

Our cohort includes 36 pups, including 14 girls and 22 boys (sex ratio of 1.57), the average age is 42 months (range 1month to 9 years), and the average weight is 14.6 kg (3.1 kg to 25 kg). 23 suffered from acute kidney injury AKI (02 septic shock, 09 tubular necrosis, 10 hemolytic and uremic syndromes and 02 obstructive AKI difficult to derivate) and 13 end stage chronic kidney disease CKD (congenital uropathy). According to the pediatric RIFLE classification 15 patients out of the 23 ARI were classified at the stage of failure (65%), and 8 at the stage of injury (35%) at the time of the decision to start the acute PD. The improvement of the clinical state was real and perceptible every time after a few hours(Figure 3).

The mean KT / V was 3.9, influenced by the intra peritoneal VIP volume that appears to be an intra-individual trait (p = 0.01), the higher the tolerated VIP is increased the better KT / V (p = 0.001), by the age the rate seems better in infants (p = 0.02), and by stasis time, KT / V is higher in stases long than 3 h (p = 0.01). The average UF is 3.6 ml / kg / h, influenced by the intraperitoneal volume (VIP), the higher the tolerated VIP is increased the better the UF (p = 0.002), the more children over 2 years (p = 0.03), and by stasis time, UF is higher in short staples of 30 min (p = 0.025). We had only two deaths (5%) following the complications of the initial pathology (septic shock), We did not have any mechanical or infectious complications; the most frequent complication was paradoxically hypokalemia (55% of cases) easily controlled by potassium supplementation of 4 mmol/l of intraperitoneal dialysate. For AKI recovery of renal function was complete in 100% of cases, for cases of end stage CKD the transition to chronic DP and pre-renal transplant assessment is the rule.

Discussion

Depending on the facilities and skills available, PD, intermittent hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration are currently used for pediatric dialysis emergencies [9,19]. Hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis require vascular access, equipment, technical skills and financial resources [20-22], which limits their use due to unavailability in most centers in developing countries, including ours of a material suitable for different pediatric age groups, especially for children under 15 kg. Our series consists of 13 end stage CKD and 23 AKIs summarized by 10 SHUs, 09 NTAs, 2 urological AKIs and 2 AKIs related to septic shock. Mechanical complications were non-existent and peritoneal infection avoided each time. The improvement of the clinical state was real and perceptible every time after a few hours. The quantification of the dialysis dose made possible by maintaining the same pocket until the dialysate is exhausted. The biological parameters improve slowly except the frequent declaration of a real hypokalemia requiring adapted intraperitoneal supplementation. Ultrafiltration is measured progressively by a heavy calibrated dedicated to the only patients. The efficacy of the treatment is real in 95% of cases, quickly perceptible pending renal function recovery in acute patients, monitored by diuresis and measurement of solutes. International studies, some of which are more extensive (higher number of patients) do not widen the gap with our results. Compared to African studies [23-25], our working conditions are much better in logistics for similar results. PD is a simple technique to master in an undemanding infrastructure that is an effective means of treatment everywhere even in the poorest areas. On the other hand, it requires a qualified medical and paramedical staff motivated and available to achieve the same results as hemodiafiltration and intermittent hemodialysis.

Conclusion

Our results are quite encouraging, the management of dialysis emergencies in children in an adult service is a real challenge, a whole technical platform motivated and available adapted to their care, the DP in emergency in the child is more and more present in our daily life. The originality of this work comes down to the fact that it is the first done in our country. We strongly believe that our experience can serve as an example for other teams of nephrologists who could save many children with DP being used more and more in acute settings in developing countries.

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Iris Publishers- Open access Journal of of Textile Science & Fashion Technology| 3D Printing in Modern Fashion Industry

Authored by Danmei Sun

Abstract

The paper reported how 3D printing technology was integrated into fashion garment production process. It covers the discussions of design preparation and modelling tools, printing machine and related input material selection that suitable to be used for garments where flexibility and comfortability are required. The design and assembly processes have also been discussed using an example of a fashion tope with 3D printed sections.

Introduction

3D printing opens up new frontiers for making completed structures through a one-step process. 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file [1]. In recent years 3D printing has been used for various application areas such as for reinforced metal composites [2], dental implants [3], industrial components [4], mobile devices [5] etc. 3D printing has become more popular to see that some designers try and make wearable garments made with AM, it is more widely used in manufacturing jewelries rather than full garments [6]. This can be explained by the fact that compared to full size garments, accessories are much smaller and have a wider range of available materials to be printed with. 3D printing technology has also been seen amongst fashion shows although in a much less instances compared to 3D printed accessories. One of them being the 3D printed cape and skirt that were designed by the high-fashion Dutch designer Iris Van Herpen [7], shown in Figure 1. It was printed by unique object connex multi-material 3D printing technology which allows a variety of material properties to be printed in a single build. The printing technology and choice of materials that both hard and soft make the garment crucial to the movement and texture of design.

3D Garment Manufacturing Techniques and Materials

As can be understood, nowadays, a wide selection of 3D Printers are available in laboratory scale with majority of them being 3D Printers that are small in size and their printing area, and commercial use for large scaled production applications. For manufacturing 3D printed garments FDM, SLS and PolyJet are the most often used, this is mainly due to the fact that the input materials allowed can provide good flexibility of the printed items. As flexibility is directly related to the comfortability of a garment to wears that is one of the most important aspects of wearable garments. As for the materials, mainly polymers or polymer composites are used due to being lighter in weight and flexible to allow movement [6].
A wide selection of filament types as input materials for 3D printing is available for commercial use and manufacturing. ABS is a type of low-cost material that is suitable for printing durable products applied in high temperature environment. PLA is made for dimension accuracy purpose applications. PETG can provide water resistance and provides the printed item smoother surface finish. Carbon fiber filled filament helps with printed products that require high strength and stiffness for the end use requirement. Polypropylene is excellent for high-cycle, low strength applications due to its fatigue resistance, semi-flexible and lightweight characteristics. PVA as a water dissolvable material is used as a type of support material for complex prints. Flexible filaments such as TPE and TPU are for printing easily stretch and bend products due to their good elasticity performance [8]. A relatively recent development has become available that filaments have added characteristics especially proving more flexible feature to the printed items. It still does not provide the same abilities as silk filament, for example, but allows the finished garment to move much more easily.

Design and Modeling Tools

The process of 3D printing starts with the creation of a 3D geometric model – a design file and the format of the file needs to be comparable with the software that is built into the 3D printer being used for 3D printing and manufacture. The 3D geometric model can be created either in 3D modelling software or generated through 3D-scanning an objective shape to be printed. The software developed for a specific printer gives directions to the printer’s components of what needs to be completed and preparing such files is rarely an uncomplicated process [9].

In this study, different types of 3D printers were tried on for making designed pieces to be welded together with fabric to make a full fashion garment. After many trials and error processes it was realized that the best printer available to meet with demands of the final product was the MakerBot Replicator 2.0, shown in Figure 2, which has a built-in slicing software called MakerBot Make ware.

To model 3D printable designs, software’s widely used by architects and engineers for industrial design, usually complete the files by a computational algorithm. But for designers, who are not familiar with CAD modeling, generative parametric designing tools prove to be more useful [6].
Another widely used design software is Google Sketchup – a no cost, easy to navigate program popular amongst beginners [9]. Adding to that, this software was also trialed during this research but proved to be too simplistic for the designs necessary to be developed.
It needs to be mentioned, that even though the designing of a 3D printable object is important, an even more crucial and difficult part of it is the final stage of re-assuring the file is compatible to be printed. Lipson, et al. [9], note quite frequently that if the design file is faulty, it slows down the manufacturing process massively. The file format used most frequently in 3D printing is the STL, which has been one of the formats used the longest by the industry, is proving not always to be able to keep up with the advanced printing technology and design softwares of today.

“After a design file has been converted to STL, the STL “wraps” the design object’s digital “shape” inside a virtual surface, called a mesh, that’s made up of thousands (or sometimes millions) of interlocked polygons. Each interlocked polygon (triangles are frequently used) in the surface mesh holds information about an object’s shape [9].

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Iris Publishers- Open access Journal of of Textile Science & Fashion Technology| The Role of Omnichannel Experience for Luxury Fashion Brands

Authored by Regina Burnasheva

Introduction

The advent of the Internet and providing a variety of channels have changed retail industry. It is suggested that multichannel retailing is moving towards an omnichannel model in which the total integration of various platforms shapes the service interface and creates a seamless experience for the consumers [1]. Most people use the words multichannel and omnichannel interchangeably. However, there is significant difference in that multichannel focuses on business, whereas omnichannel focuses on customers. In the luxury industry context, Burberry, Cartier and Gucci were the first pioneer companies that provided great omnichannel retail experiences for their customers.
Nowadays in order to succeed luxury retailers should offer an integrated and holistic shopping experience in their both online and in-store channels. They are finding the way to align these two channels to create a more ideal buying experience for luxury shoppers. For instance, Burberry was among the first luxury retailers which provides Click & Collect service, where luxury consumers choose brands online and then collect those products from store. Other omnichannel services include Reserve in store, Click & Try, Seek & Send, and so on.
The provision of free Wi-Fi network access in the physical store is another key element to facilitate channel integration especially considering that mobiles are currently redefining the in-store experience [2]. Luxury companies Ralph Lauren and Burberry, for example, let luxury shoppers engage with interactive mirrors in dressing rooms blurring the experience between online and brickand- mortar retail store. More recently, to enhance the shopping experience Hermes has installed Wi-Fi in its stores. Wi-Fi plays a significant role in showrooming which relates to the act of looking at a brand in store before purchasing it online. On the contrary, webrooming which relates to the act of searching brand online and buying it in store. According to Digital of Die: The Choice for Luxury Brands report by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) [3], 41 percent of luxury shoppers were found to research brands online and purchase them offline, while 9 percent were found to check brands at the store and then purchase online.

Many luxury brands are still seeing online and offline as separate, independent experiences. However, in an era of omnichannel retailing, luxury brands to struggle in future’s marketplace should provide a seamless shopping experience where online and in-store work together.

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Iris Publishers- Iris Publishers-Open access Journal Complementary & Alternative Medicine | Comprehensive Literature Review of Perinatal Loss Supports

Authored by Stephanie Brown



Introduction: Miscarriage, stillbirth or newborn death is a significant and under recognized issue in the United States.
Methods: Comprehensive review of literature to evaluate the feasibility of support for perinatal community.
Results: Literature is inconclusive if perinatal loss support groups may be helpful for families experiencing a loss; however, further exploration is needed. in participants of a perinatal loss peer support group.
Conclusion: Results suggest that integrating professionally facilitated grief work classes in perinatal loss support group members were beneficial.

Introduction

More than one million families in the United States experience miscarriage, stillbirth or newborn death every year [1]. Stillbirth refers to fetal death in utero, which accounts for two percent of pregnancies [2]. About 12-31 percent of all conceptions end spontaneously due to early or late fetal death [3].
Pregnancy loss is associated with increased stress levels, which can progress to physical and mental health consequences, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicide, marital conflict, post-traumatic stress disorder, and fatigue [3]. These consequences can persist for months or years post loss [3].
Social or peer support has been linked to improved health outcomes and prevention of disease [3]. Perinatal loss support groups have been found to help participants cope with psychiatric disturbances, improve marital quality, and improve coping strategies [4].

Background

Little is known regarding the potential impacts of peer support in the setting of perinatal loss. Given this challenge a comprehensive literature review was conducted surrounding perinatal loss. Electronic databases (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO and PubMed) were searched using key terms (perinatal loss, miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal death, coping, dual process model, satisfaction, knowledge, quality of life, and support), and relevant public policies, internet sources, and local area newspapers were reviewed. In total, 134 sources were synthesized to inform the background and methods of this work. Concepts inherent in the examined literature regarding perinatal loss experience, grief, coping, knowledge acquisition, and support will be explored in more detail as well as the guiding theoretical framework.

Literature Review

Experience of perinatal loss

The effects of perinatal loss, defined as miscarriage, stillbirth or newborn death, can be significant, especially for mothers. Mothers often express feelings of depression and can become withdrawn after a loss [5]. These mothers commonly fear the unknown and have premonitions of dying early [6]. Feelings of self-blame and guilt also have been reported [7]. Mothers often describe experiencing a loss of self, lack of memories surrounding the baby, loss of future hope, and minimization of the loss by others [3].
The process of dealing with perinatal loss is specific to the individual, may last months or years, and can extend into subsequent pregnancies. Mothers experiencing loss can also face a variety of mental health obstacles including: anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicide, marital conflict, and posttraumatic stress disorder [3].

The impact of grief and coping

Grief is a complex process and can often include significant feelings of guilt [8]. After a perinatal loss, both men and woman are susceptible to a resurgence of grief even years after the loss. The grief process can be further complicated if parents do not find their own time to grieve [5]. Coping can be defined as an “action oriented and intrapsychic effort used to manage the demands created by stressful events” Amoyal NR, et al. [9] and requires the recognition of the impact of stress specifically related to mental and physical health outcomes [9]. Supporting coping related to a perinatal loss was a focus of this pilot. Investigating the dynamics of grief and coping over time could serve as a valuable intervention in the setting of perinatal loss.

Knowledge acquisition

Scant literature is present examining the role of knowledge in affecting the process of grief, especially when examining health outcomes. Experiencing a loss can lead to a decrease in energy and self-worth, which then contributes to the complexity of the grieving process [10]. Hibbard JH and Greene J [11], however, determined that patients who took an active role in their own health, secondary to increased knowledge, had better health outcomes and care experiences. noted improvements in patient knowledge base with interventions designed to promote self-care, improve self-efficacy, increase patient satisfaction, enhance coping skills, and improve perceptions of social support [12,13].
Adams RJ [12] also states that increased knowledge assessment tools are needed. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to search for knowledge assessment tools. However, no validated tool relating to perinatal loss was discovered that would be applicable for a pilot study. Therefore, a qualitative knowledge acquisition survey tool was created to further assess this need for the purpose of this pilot.

Support groups

Both self-help groups and support groups function with the goal of helping others. About 25 million Americans have attended self-help/support groups during their lifetime and of these, 10 million have attended a group within the last year [14].
Specific to perinatal loss, support groups have been noted to be effective in reducing the distress of parents and improving parents’ overall mental health, relationship quality, and parental coping strategies [4]. Common themes identified by support group members included dealing with anniversaries, jealousy of pregnant friends, denied feelings, communication problems, marriage difficulties, guilt, future pregnancies and concerns regarding current children. Participants reported validation of feelings, acknowledgment of experiences, and decreased guilt as a result of support group membership. Perinatal loss support groups were also noted to help restore hope for the future and to increase communication within relationships among participants [15]. This background the planning if this pilot study.
Hoey LM, et al. [16] concluded that peer support programs can improve satisfaction with medical care, improve personal relationships and social support, increase a sense of belonging, and enhance mood. Schopler JH, Galinsky MJ [17], noted similar themes. Group social or peer support provided participants with a sense of relief, reassurance, enhanced coping skills, greater self-confidence, decreased fear, decreased ambiguity, a sense of being cared for, a feeling of purpose, emotional release, reduced helplessness, and a greater ability to meet demands [17].

Theoretical framework

The Dual Process Model (DPM) of bereavement coping was developed in 1999 by [18-20]. The DPM consists of two phases: loss-oriented coping and restoration orientation coping. Loss orientation pertains to the aspects of the death itself. It involves confronting feelings of grief while confiding in [21]. In this model, the bereaved individual is appraising and concentrating on the primary aspect of the loss itself. This is referred to as doing the “grief work” [22]. Restoration oriented coping refers to the secondary aspects not directly associated with the loss itself. During this stage there is a reengagement back into life following the loss [21]. In this stage of the model, the individual is dealing with the secondary consequences of the loss, which leads to reflection and reorientation to oneself in the surrounding world without the deceased. This requires rethinking and re-planning of his or her life [22]. Oscillation between the two coping stages is a core feature of the DPM and can include having some avoidance or overlapping between each stage of coping [21].
In a longitudinal study of 219 couples conducted by Wijngaards de Meij, et al. [20] examined the relationship between parents and partners coping with a perinatal loss. This study concluded that loss orientation coping was more predictive of negative psychological adjustments after a loss. It was noted that higher levels of restoration orientation coping were related to increased levels of adjustment after a loss. Participants in this study were surveyed at six, thirteen, and twenty months post loss. High levels of restoration-oriented coping tended to minimize the effects of high levels of loss orientation associated with depression [20].
In a study conducted by Lund D, et al. [23], the DPM of coping was used to evaluate coping and knowledge in the bereaved widower population. It included a total sample of 298 recently widowed men over age 50. One hundred and twenty-eight men attended a 14-week traditional grief group that focused on loss orientation. One hundred seventy of the men attended a group that focused on both loss orientation and restoration orientation. This study found that the latter participants had higher levels of restoration-oriented coping, which is typically associated with better psychological adjustments after a loss. The researchers also reported a high degree of satisfaction with this program. Given the applicability of Lund and colleagues’ study, a similar mode of grief work training was implemented in this pilot program

Discussion

Literature synthesis critique

A considerable body of literature about perinatal loss and the attributing factors exists; however, several gaps in the literature were noted. Though there are a variety of social support options available for families, consistent evaluation methods and instruments pertaining to grief and support are not frequently reported. Limited randomized clinical trials specific to perinatal loss were noted. The lack of information from randomized clinical trials suggest a need to determine if psychological support or counseling for mothers, fathers, and families after a perinatal loss is helpful or not [24]. This was also the case when assessing social support within other settings and populations. Specific to Flenady V and Wilson T [24] Cochrane review, most of the literature noted that social support was helpful, however, none of the reviewed randomized controlled studies evaluated social support. Also, similar to support literature in perinatal loss, small sample sizes with low statistical power were noted [24].
Limited literature was found specific to the integration of peer and professional support after a perinatal loss especially relating to the processes of coping, knowledge acquisition, quality of life, and satisfaction The promotion of knowledge does appear to be an effective way to enhance coping and promote wellness [12]. Therefore, interventions that facilitate coping through the grieving process while increasing knowledge may be helpful for persons experiencing perinatal loss. Implementing grief work group classes that promote knowledge acquisition specific to grief and coping, in conjunction with combined peer and professional support could potentially help families that have endured a perinatal loss.
The only Cochrane review regarding perinatal loss was ultimately unable to include any prior studies on review of this topic due to participant drop out [24]. This article also found that most of the prior studies looking at support and perinatal loss included small primarily female sample sizes [24]. These two findings were also noted in this pilot. These prior literature findings and this pilot’s findings illustrate that further research is needed with this population with both males and females.
Overall, the literature did indicate that social support was helpful, which this pilot found also as mean scores for quality of life and satisfaction increased. Specifically, pilot qualitative analysis suggests that the integration of peer and professional support was helping in the grieving process.

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Iris Publishers- Iris Publishers-Open access Journal Complementary & Alternative Medicine | Is Telepathy Allowed or Is Controled?

 

 

Authored by  Viviana Siddhi

 

Telepathy is not just a myth and science fiction. Science has proven that to some extent is possible.

The history of telepathy goes back to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Egyptians believed that a spirit would send messages from one person to another in dreams. The Greeks also believed dreams were a way to send messages. Ancient knowledge as dreams, telepathy, etc. was preserved by many indigenous people.

The term telepathy was first used in 1882 by psychologist F.W. Myers who helped start the Society of Psychical Research. “There is no scientific proof that human telepathy exists. Telepathy means direct communication from one mind to another. It refers to the supposed ability to perceive the thoughts of others without the use of recognized senses.” In another words, telepathic communication is the ability to transmit information from one mind to another and telepathic perception is the ability to receive information from another mind. 

When telepathy influences another person’s thoughts or beliefs, it is called mind control. Within USA is quite developed. Unfortunately, a lot of people are applying mind control at night when it’s time for us to sleep. Mind control involves influence and can include outside props or strategies to achieve its goal. Since, it involves influences of other people (known and unknown) it can be very beneficial or crucifixion. It can be helpful for us to make life changes and it can also create destructions for a lifetime. All depends on the person who is imposing his will (power) into somebody else’s mind. This kind of knowledge should possess only people with pure hearts; however, reality is different. Indigenous people are taught sacred knowledge in order to keep it alive from generation to generation. 

When one starts to naturally experience the awakening of telepathic powers, he/she feels more energized. One will start to refrain from negativity and thus, your friends will either be happy or you or they will fall away. Those who are used to talking about negative things will fall away first, since they will lose interest in your company. My experience is that many are trying to prevent that one person will have more telepathic powers then others. Negative people are not pure in their hearts, minds, souls and their bodies. They are looking only how to benefit, or they want to control somebody else’s life and decisions in order to satisfy their own or another person’s goals. Many are paid for such kind of “jobs”. Such kind of destructions are creating bad karmas for the person who is imposing their will into somebody else’s mind and for receiver of that influence. Such kind of situations are an open window for major psychic attacks in order to block spiritual progress of another person. Instead to focus on our own challenges and try to resolve them one by one, we are exposed to additional suffering just because of others who are not interested to resolve their own problems. It is easier to create destructions. Such kind of people do not want to dig deep inside their own soul and see how they can improve their life and/or health. We are all here, on this planet earth to learn and not to judge. Nobody has the right to judge others because nobody knows somebody else’s experiences and abilities to learn from them.

“Everyone occasionally suffers from depression, and some people are stricken with major depression, in which the sadness and hopelessness last more than two weeks and interfere with carrying on with life. In recent decades, more people have been diagnosed with depression, especially in younger cohorts, and the conventional wisdom is captured in the tag line of a recent public television documentary: “A silent epidemic is ravaging the nation and killing our kids.” We have just seen that the nation is not suffering from an epidemic of unhappiness, loneliness, or suicide, so an epidemic of depression seems unlikely, and it turns out to be an illusion” [1].

Brian Clegg mentioned in his book Extra Sensory: “Not only is the flexibility Rhine describes dangerous, in that it can be easy to ascribe results to conditions that didn’t actually apply; there is also the problem that is almost impossible to ignore any positive results coming out of the badly controlled trials” [2].

Natural Way of Spiritual Growth Is Changing Our Perceptions

Arguments that used to keep us up at night will start to have different meaning. All the things that we placed at utmost importance will lose their relevance. One will choose to put more importance on spiritual things. Everything we will see with new eyes. The third eye it awakens in the pineal gland. The universe starts to put new people in our path and new opportunities for better life. One will gain clarity about others and different situations. This, in turn will cause priority changes.

Plant the Seedling of Devotion in The Mind

Man should be the master of his behavior; he should not be led away by the impulse of the moment; he must be conscious always of what is good for him. He should so carry on his daily tasks that he does not make others suffer or suffer himself. That is the sign of intelligent living. You should not give way to fits of anger or grief or elation or despair. The confusion you exhibited now was the result of Thaamasik (dark and dull) and Raajasik (emotional) qualities. Be Saathwik, calm and unruffled and collected. The more you develop charity for all beings, contrition at your own faults, fear of wrong and fear of God - the more firmly established you are in Shaanthi (peace).

In this spiritual sphere of mental peace and inner joy, the responsibility for success or failure is entirely one’s own. You have no right to shift it on to others. The fire will go out if the fuel is over; so, stop feeding it with fuel. Do not add fuel to the fire of the senses. Detach the mind from the temporary and attach it to the eternal. The negative Shakthi (power) and the positive Shakthi both together will give the light. Plant the seedling of Bhakthi (devotion), namely, the preliminary exercise of Naamasmarana (remembering the Lord’s name), in the mind. That will grow into a tree with the branches of virtue, service, sacrifice, love, equanimity, fortitude and courage. You swallow food, but you are not aware how that food is transformed into energy, intelligence, emotion and health. In the same way, just swallow this food for the spirit, this Naamasmarana, and watch how it gets transmuted as virtue and the rest without your being aware of it” [3].

What Is the Science Behind It?

Recent studies have reported direct transmission of brain activity between two animals, between two humans and even between a human and an animal. These “brain-to-brain interfaces” allow for direct transmission of brain activity. 

“Starting around 2013, several groups of researchers began experimenting with telepathy. These researchers worked in an area of science called neuroscience. Neuroscientists study the brain and how it works. In their experiments, the researchers had some positive results with a process known as synaptic transmission. 

The brain is part of the nervous system. This system houses all the nerve cells in the body. Synapses are where nerve cells in the body meet. The synapses carry chemical and electrical signals throughout the brain and body. Normally, this is done without the person even thinking about it. For example, when a person moves their arm, the brain sends a message to the arm to move. That message is carried over the brain’s synapses. The person doesn’t think about moving their arm. It just happens because the brain sees that the arm needs to move and sends the message” [4]. 

Recent advances in brain-computer interfaces are turning the science fantasy of transmitting thoughts directly from one brain to another into reality “Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, commented in 2015 that he believes the future of communication is in telepathy. He thinks technology will be the key to sending thoughts directly to other people. While it might sound like a distant dream, he may not be wrong.” [5]. 

“The building that house Facebook’s headquarters are on a large campus in California. The complex is visible from the main road, and there isn’t much mystery about it. However, one mysterious part of it is a research lab called Building 8. Not much is known about what projects are being developed at the company. But Facebook has several scientists and technology experts working for them.

One new technology could involve reading people’s minds. A neuroscientist works for the company. He is known for inventing a mind-operated prosthetic arm. Building 8 might be working on more mind-controlled technology, including computers. Job postings for positions in Building 8 seem to be looking for employees whose skills relate to telepathy and technology Only time will tell what’s really going on there. But if Facebook is successful in implementing “brain-to-brain” communication, maybe they won’t even have to tell the public what’s going on – the public will just know” [6].

I experienced by myself very destructive energies at the Facebook internet pages since I had a lot of friends involved at my personal pages. I am assuming that this feeling was part of Facebook’s experiments. If one is very active and popular at personal Facebook page, it allows others to use that page without communicating with the “owner of particular page” for various goals including business and political conversations. If this is the case it will be for the “owner of the personal page” hard to close the Facebook account especially if one does not have access to it, anymore. Japanese scientists believe that we can create earth changes with computers (earthquakes…). This happens when there are opposite energies involved with a higher power. Unfortunately, some people (unconsciously and/or consciously) are creating car accidents by using opposite energies/opinions of majority people. All mentioned above it leads me to conclusion that most car accidents are energy work. People who are sending negative energies can badly influence others. Such kind of situations has a significant impact on our health, life decisions, accidents, etc.

Negative People More Likely to Be Involved in Car Accidents, Study Finds

Being a pessimist could make you more prone to being involved in car accidents, according to a new study. Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Science’s Institute of Psychology in Beijing have studied the character traits of drivers to discover whether someone’s outlook on life could influence their likelihood of crashing.

The study, published in the journal Plus One, analyzed 38 drivers with at least three years’ driving experience. Both groups were surveyed on their driving habits, including whether or not they wore a seatbelt or would drive through a red light. Each participant was then asked to identify weather a series of photographs had a red or blue border – the images in the photographs were chosen to incite negative, positive or neutral emotions in the participants. The study revealed drivers classed as “dangerous” took longer to identify the color of the border when shown a negative image. This, according to the researchers, indicated a negativity bias – the name given by psychologists to the human tendency to be more influenced by negative experiences. Negativity bias was not detected among drivers in the “safe” group, and there was no difference in their response time to photos. The emotional effect creates a “visual tunneling”, hindering a person’s ability to be fully lucid in the present and making it more difficult for a driver to think swiftly and clearly.

Previous researchers have not explored the relationship between emotional information processing and driving behavior, said the study’s researchers led by Dr. Jing Chai. Drivers with strong negativity biases reported having been involved in more crashes compared with less-biased drivers.

Overall, anger increases someone’s susceptibility of colliding on the road. But, understanding that a high number of accidents may be due to someone’s attitude could help researchers delve further into understanding what causes human error on the road. Researchers concluded: “The influence of negativity bias provides a possible explanation for the effects of individual difference on dangerous driving and traffic crashes” (7). 

It is proven that psychic attacks effects/influences our emotional state of mind.

“When neuroscientists wanted to create telepathy between two human beings, they focused on synapses and how they send messages. They attached special electrodes to a helmet. The helmet was worn by a person in the experiment. The electrodes could read the brain activity of the person wearing the helmet. In one test, the person was giving a greeting. In another test, the person was making a hand movement. The electrodes read the activity going on in the brain of the person performing the activity. That activity was then translated into binary code and sent to another person far away. In one case, the other person was 5,000 miles away! On the receiving end, the coded messages were decoded. Then the decoded messages were fed to the receiving person’s brain using a process known as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

The technology didn’t work perfectly, but it worked well enough for researchers to believe they were closer to creating telepathy. According to researchers, this type of development could be useful for soldiers on the battlefield who need to receive instructions from a commanding officer or from another soldier” [8].

Soldiers at Vietnam war using telepathy. Sacred knowledge was one of the most important ways for survival and returns back home; however, many still suffers because of war cruelty. Government is using indigenous people for wars because they inherent sacred knowledge of telepathy and much more.

Reading the Brainwaves

”Brain-to-brain interface is made possible because of the way brain cells communicate with each other. Cell-to-cell communication occurs via a process known as synaptic transmission, where chemical signals are passed between cells resulting in electrical spikes in the receiving cell. Synaptic transmission forms the basis of all brain activity, including motor control, memory, perception and emotion because cells are connected in a network, brain activity produces a synchronized pulse of electrical activity, which is called a “brain wave”.

Brainwaves are detected using a technique known as electroencephalography (EEG), where a swimming-cap like device is worn over the scalp and electrical activity detected via electrodes. The pattern of activity is then recorded and interpreted using computer software. This kind of brain-machine interface forms the basis of neural prosthesis technology and is used to restore brain function. This may sound far-fetched, but neural prostheses are actually commonplace, just think of the Cochlear implant!” [9].

Meditation and Yoga Breathing

“From the earliest times, the need to quiet our emotions has been seen as an essential step on the road to spiritual development. To access high wisdom and guidance, our emotional bodies must be still and calm. In most spiritual disciplines, the emphasis is put on quieting the mental body. When we refine our bodies, it’s best to work from the bottom up. Quieting the mind becomes easier when our emotional bodies are calm. As Jacob Needleman points out, Socrates and Plato both wrote of a universal intelligence that could awaken in man only when our emotions are mastered” [10].

Refining the emotional body is one of the biggest challenges. Emotional turmoil will block our reception of information from the subtle planes. This is the reason why we got caught in illusions during meditation and we are receiving false information that can be against us. It is very important to reach “empty space” before we believe in any information that are coming into our mind. This state of mind is very easy to achieve via active meditation. For over 30 years I was teaching mandala workshops and realized that active meditation combines three components. It can be any kind of slowmotion action that combines three components and it brings us into “empty space” where everything is possible. This is the state of mind where is no time and therefore it allows us to be in now. It by itself brings best solutions for our better daily life. So called “empty space” is Samadhi.

When we rest at this stage we do not age anymore. There are different stages of Samadhi. Some can reach this state of mind for a second, some for few minutes, some for hours, days, etc. It is available to everybody, anytime, everywhere.

“The meditators in our study had an average of twenty-one years of a daily active practice; the nonmeditators had no active meditation practice, and most of them had never meditated at all. We predicted that the brain would show differences in electrical activity before unpredictable audio tones versus light flashes (because the brain processes these stimuli in different regions, thus creating different future brain states that might “ripple” backward in time).

The results of the experiment indicated that the nonmeditators showed no significant differences in brain activity before they received audio tones versus light flashes. But in the meditator’ group, five of the thirty-two EEG electrodes showed statistically significant differences before receiving audio versus light stimuli (each electrode with odds against chance of 20 to 1) one second before the stimuli [11].

“This means that the meditators’ brains behaved dramatically differently just before the audio tone, as compared to the nonmeditators’ brain” [12].

Yoga breathing techniques are very useful for emotional, mind and body clearing; however, they have to be performed, daily.

“In this spiritual sphere of mental peace and inner joy, the responsibility for success or failure is entirely one’s own. You have no right to shift it on to others. The fire will go our if the fuel is over; so, stop feeding it with fuel. Do not add fuel to the fire of the senses. Detach the mind from the temporary and attach it to the eternal. The negative Shakthi (power) and the positive Shakthi both together will give the light” [13].

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