Iris Publishers- Open access Journal of Oceanography & Marine Biology | Influence of Types and Doses of Fertilizer on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Water, Composition and Structure of Zooplankton Populations in Ponds

Authored by Algrient Nana Towa

In order to improve fish productivity, an essay on the evaluation of the comparative effect of chicken and pig manure on the composition and structure of Zooplankton was conducted at the Application and Research farm from the University of Dschang (LN: 5º44’-5 °36 and LE: 10º06’-9 ° 85’). For this purpose, 15 ponds (5.7 x 5.7 x 1m), three doses of 0 (control); 800 and 1000kg/ha of chicken manure as well as pig dung were used. At each of the randomly selected ponds was administered one of the fertilizer doses every 7 days. Each of the doses and type of fertilizer representing a treatment was repeated three times. The physicochemical characteristics of the water and the Zooplankton population were measured every 14 days. With respect to the physicochemical characteristics of water, the values of nitrites (7.92 ± 0.05mg/l), nitrates (8.03 ± 0.24mg/l), phosphates (4.68 ± 0, 05mg/l) were significantly (p <0.05) higher in ponds fertilized at 1000kg/ha pig dung, the lowest being obtained in the control treatment. For Zooplankton, the highest specific (64.51% of total species), generics (87.87% of total genera) and families (82.35% of total) Zooplanktonic abundances were obtained in ponds fertilized at the rate of 1000kg/ha of chicken manure. The species of rotifers were the most diverse survived those of cladocerans whatever the type or the dose of fertilizer. The use of the 1000kg/ha dose of chicken droppings makes sense for a large production of Zooplankton diversity.
In Africa and more specifically in Cameroon, the role of aquaculture in the economy remains marginal. In fact, aquaculture accounts for less than 0.1% of total fish inputs, despite the water surface area covering nearly 3.5 million hectares, spread over 4 major river basins MINEPIA [1]. It should be noted that commercial fish farming is 90% from fertilized ponds. However, one of the constraints of development of pond production is attributable to the fertilization technique associated with the mastery of the operation of the interspecific, intraspecific biodiversity of the living prey of the pond ecosystem.
Fertilization is an activity that makes it possible to optimize fish production by improving the physicochemical parameters of water and the densities of Zooplankton organisms [2], which are the living prey for the most fishes. Zooplankton is by its specific diversity and nutritional value the best fish about the plasticity of the diet of fish species. Several studies have been carried out on the fertilization of ponds from animal waste [3-5], at different doses. But none of this work has focused on studying the diversity of Zooplankton populations.
The objective of this work is to contribute to the improvement of the production of Zooplankton intended for larval feeding through a better fertilization. More specifically, the aim is to evaluate the effect of pig manure doses on:
• The physicochemical characteristics of water
• The richness and distribution of Zooplankton populations

Area and period of the study

The trial was conducted from May 15 to November 15, 2016 at the Dschang University Applied Research Farm (FAR) (LN: 5° 44’-5° 36’ and LE: 10° 06’ -9° 85’, altitude: 1392-1396m) in the Sudano- Guinean agro-ecological zone characterized by a short dry season (mid-November to mid-March) and a long rainy season (mid-March to mid-March) November). The annual rainfall varies between 1500 and 2000mm and the temperatures oscillate between 14 °C (July- August) and 25 °C (February).

Fertilizer

The slurry and droppings used in hens came from a pork farm and egg layer layers fed a feed (feed). A sample of each fertilizer was taken to determine the total dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. The average values of the characteristics of the droppings were: dry matter (80.2±3.33%), total nitrogen (2±0.14%) and total phosphorus (1.5±0.06%) and those of pig slurry: dry matter (30.5±2.21%), total nitrogen (33±1.11%), total phosphorus (9±2.30%).

Exp

erimental ponds

The test was carried out in 15 identical by-pass ponds (5.7 x 5.7 x 1m and a water exchange rate of 0.05 l/s). The 15 ponds were fed in water from an artificial lake located 100m away. A 1.5mm mesh net was attached to the feed pipe of each pond to prevent intrusion of fish from the artificial lake.

Conduct of the test and data collection

At each randomly selected pond, one of the 0kg/ha (control), 800; 1000kg/ha for both chicken manure and pig dung (weighed with a 0.1g precision electronic balance) corresponding to T₀, F₈₀₀, F₁₀₀₀, L₈₀₀ and L₁₀₀₀, respectively. Fertilization was done every 7 days on the surface of each pond according to Lacroix (2004).

Sampling

The determination of the physicochemical characteristics of the water was carried out parallel to that of Zooplankton every 14 days between 6 and 8 o’clock in the morning according to Agadjihouédé et al. [6] Dakwen et al. [7]. The sampling of Zooplankton was carried out at twenty different points of the water column of each pond using a calibrated polyethylene container of 1 liter capacity, ie a total volume of 20 liters/pond filtered by means of a plankton screen of 40μm mesh. A volume of 350ml Zooplankton concentrate was recovered, fixed by addition of 5% formalin (¼ volume of the concentrated sample) and stored in the plastic bottles for quantitative and qualitative analyzes.

Determination of the physicochemical characteristics of water

a. The transparency of the dry disk, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity were directly measured in the field with the help of a weighed dry disk and attached to a graduated rope, Thermo-Conductivity meter, Thermo pH-meter, pH meter, thermo-oximeter and thermo-conductivity meter brand HANNA.
b. Total nitrite, nitrate and phosphate measurements were carried out by spectrophotometry (HACH DR/2000 spectrophotometer) using Alpha techniques Greenberg [8].

Determination of Zooplanktonic characteristics

Two types of analysis were carried out namely: qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.


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Iris Publishers- Journal of Oceanography and Marine Biology| Marine Fish Breeding in Brazil - A Potential Activity in the Dormant Stage

Authored by Dacley Hertes Neu

Marine fish farming in Brazil is a little practiced activity, and in this context, it does not follow the global growth behavior. A number of obstacles are evident, such as the lack of skilled labor, adapted equipment, burdensome time-consuming and on-going environmental licensing among regulators , and the lack of established technology packages for most potential species. On the other hand, several positive points can be listed, such as the climate conducive to the activity and the necessary inputs for the preparation of the rations. This activity can be considered strategic for the production of food of high biological value, but measures must be taken for companies to enter and remain in the activity on the Brazilian coast.

Fish farming is a growing agricultural activity worldwide and in Brazil, it is no different, however, there is a particularity in the use of environments. Here, marine fish farming is embryonic, that is, products originating from this activity are not even counted in the fishery production statistics. In a scenario of population growth, water becomes a great option for food production, and in this context marine fish farming can play a fundamental role in human nutrition .

Marine fish production is already consolidated in some countries in Asia and Europe with species such as milkfish (Chanos chanos), Atlantic cod (Atlantic cod), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sole (Psetta maximum), among others (Lucas and Southgate). Despite the development of new farming technologies to active it, to increase the supply of marine animal protein [1], marine fish farming is still not globally representative, both in terms of production and economically.

According to statistical data of FAO [2,3], in the year 2016 were pre oduzidos 80million tons of fish and this amount hoes 28,600 tons of product aquaculture of marine origin have been generated, corresponding to 35% being represented mainly by the cultivation of molluscs. Marine fish farming accounted for only 8% of world aquaculture production.

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Iris Publishers- Journal of Oceanography & Marine Biology| Occurrence of Mature Female of Etmopterus Spinax (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae) in the Syrian Coast (Eastern Mediterranean)

Authored by Adib Saad

Velvet Belly Lantern shark, Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) is recorded for second time in the Syrian coast. A mature female of E. spinax measured 354mm total length, and weighed 208.3g, caught at depth about 300m. the specimen was in stage 3, had two ovaries; contained 9 oocytes measured between 10-5mm in diameter. The width of left and right oviducal gland measured; 8mm and 7mm, respectively. It had left and right functional uterus, white color measured; 77mm and 75mm in length; 11mm and 10 mm in width, respectively. The velvet belly Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) is a smallsized deep-water squaliform. Although E. spinax is known to be more commonly caught in the western Mediterranean Basin [1,2]; mainly off the Tunisian and Sicilian coasts [3,4], the species is reported in both Mediterranean Basins in waters ranging between 150-200 m and 400 m, and probably deeper [5]. It has been recorded at depths as low as 2,200 m in the Ionian Sea [6]. The species is reported in the Aegean Sea [7], in Turkish waters [8], off the Egyptian coast [9], and in the Levant Basin [10,11]. Conversely, the species is not recorded off the Lebanese coast [12]. This paper is reporting second occurrence of E. spinax from Syrian marine waters and providing for the first time the principal biometric and meristic characters, and some remarks on biology of this species in the eastern Mediterranean. On 19 October 2017, mature female of E. spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) was caught in Syrian marine waters by trawl as far as the city of Jableh (between 35° 26´ N, 35° 43´ E) at a depth of about 300 m, on sandy and muddy bottoms (Figure 1). All measurements were recorded to the nearest 1 mm and weighted to the nearest 0.1 gram. The description of the specimens in the present paper follows Bello et al. [13] and Capapé & Ali [11. Stage of maturity was determined following the scales for viviparous Elasmobranchs proposed by Anonymous.

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The Reef Corridor of the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico - Oceanography & Marine Biology

The reef corridor of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, is a coastal area  of  the  state  of  Veracruz  structured  by reef ecosystems, are about of 60 known emergent, submerged and marginal reefs from a  biological  corridor  more  than  450  km  long,  that  extend  along  of  that western boundary. The most important reef systems are: The Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System (TLRS) in the northern coastal area, the National Park Veracruz Reef System (NPVRS) in the central coastal area and the Los Turtles Reef System (TRS) in the southern coastal area. These  reefs  are important due to several  oceanographic processes occurred in a broad spectrum of spatial and temporal scales, which  arrange from meters to several hundred kilometers and from periods of seconds to years.

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State of Freshwater Eels in the South Pacific in AOMB - Iris Publishers

 

Freshwater  eels  of  the  genus  Anguilla  consists  of  16  species  and 3 subspecies that are distributed in the Indo-Pacific and North Atlantic  Ocean.  They  are  consumed  as  delicacies  throughout  their  dispersal  range  especially  in  Japan,  Europe  and  the  Americas.  With  growing  demand  for  eels  on  the  international  market  the  three major species currently cultured in the aquaculture industry, Japanese  eels  A.  japonica, European  eel  A.  anguilla and  American eel A.rostratahave all been severely overfished with populations on the brink of extinction.  

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