authored by Mostafa Kamal Arefin*
Abstract
Background: WHO declared COVID-19 outbreak as pandemic in March, 2020, which was started from Wuhan of china. Mastoidectomy is an aerosol generating procedure. If a patient of COVID-19, either confirmed, suspected or asymptomatic career, requires mastoidectomy urgently, it’s a critical issue for the health care professionals for the highly contagious nature of this novel corona virus. Here, some simple, but novel and very effective measures will be discussed for protection of all health care providers (HCPs). Polythene sheet and Povidone Iodine are the change makers in this novel approach of mastoidectomy, mentioned in this article. So, we named the technique as ‘POLIDON approach’ of mastoidectomy.
Material and method: Placement of a transparent, sterile polythene sheet which acts as an interface between patient and surgeons and all other OR staffs is an important issue. Meanwhile, extended use of Povidone Iodine (PVP-I) is recommended in different way. Mouthwash for gargling and nasal application either by spray or nasal irrigation or drop will reduce viral load from nose and mouth of patient. HCPs should use PVP-I prophylactically also. Thus, the chance of transmissibility of novel coronavirus is reduced. Meanwhile, Povidone Iodine should be mixed with irrigating fluid to help in reduction of contamination by bone dust mixed with fluid, produced during surgery.
Conclusion: As mastoidectomy is an aerosol generating procedure, and novel coronavirus is highly contagious, so higher level of protection is required. A simple and cheap polythene sheet as barrier drape as well as rational and novel use of Povidone Iodine, i.e. the proposed ‘POLIDON’ approach can significantly reduce the chance of corona virus transmission among the health care professionals working in the operation theatre.
Keywords: POLIDON; Mastoidectomy; COVID-19; Povidone Iodine; Polythene
Abbreviations: PVP-I: Povidone Iodine; HCP: Health care provider
Background
WHO declared COVID-19 outbreak as pandemic in March 2020, which was started from Wuhan of China. During this pandemic, (every person or patient has chance of being infected with corona virus,) nobody is immune of being infected with coronavirus or being asymptomatic career of this [1]. Mastoidectomy is an important surgical procedure in which all the accessible mastoid air cells are accenterated with an aim to make the ear safe [2-4]. CSOM with extracranial and intracranial complications are indications of emergency or urgent mastoidectomy. The indications of urgent or emergency mastoidectomy are a bit changed recently [5,6]. In the last few decades brain abscess due to CSOM was advocated and practised to be treated in two stage, at first incision and drainage of brain abscess, then 2-4 weeks later mastoid exploration. But recently single stage urgent otological procedure is advocated (and it is without any delay) for minimizing mortality and morbidity. In a developing country- like Bangladesh, lot of patients present to the hospitals at advanced stage usually with complications, like mastoiditis (not responsive to conservative treatment), facial palsy, labyrinthitis, extradural abscess, brain abscess, meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, otitic hydrocephalus which warrants urgent surgery [5-7]. In our context, emergency mastoidectomy is not uncommon, especially in our centre, i.e. Dhaka Medical College Hospital, a tertiary level hospital [8].
Mastoidectomy is an aerosol generating procedure. If a patient of COVID-19, either confirmed, suspected or asymptomatic career, requires mastoidectomy for any of those indications, it’s a critical and alarming issue for the health care professionals, including doctor, nurse, other OR (operating room) staff for the highly contagious nature of this virus [9]. In current situation prior to any (routine) surgery report of RT-PCR test for coronavirus is mandatory. Negative results do not preclude SARS-CoV-2 infection and should not be used as the sole basis for patient management decisions. Negative results must be combined with clinical observations, patient history, and epidemiological information [10]. In a developing country- like Bangladesh, patient presents to the hospitals at advanced stage usually with complications, like mastoiditis, facial palsy, labyrinthitis, extradural abscess, brain abscess, meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, otitic hydrocephalus [8,11].
RT-PCR test for detection of coronavirus is not available throughout the country, due to lack of laboratory facility, kit, technologist and other support. Due to partial or complete lockdown state mobility for the patient is also not easy rather very difficult. So, confirmation of COVID-19 by RT-PCR test can’t be done instantly everywhere. Prior to surgery it’s recommended to do a CT scan of chest to find clue regarding COVID-19 [12]. But sometimes situation is unfavourable for doing it also. Few days or even hours are demarcating line between life and death or overall morbidity. For this reason health care professionals should take maximum protections for their own safety within lots of limitation, seeming every patient as a COVID-19 patient. Though the government, local authorities, personally all HCPs are trying to provide or collect adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) or other measures, throughout the world there is deficiency of it. In a resource constraint country, like us, we need to have cheap, affordable, easily available measures for protection. Here, some simple, but novel and very effective measures will be discussed for protection of all health care providers (HCPs) in this aerosol generating procedure. Polythene and Povidone Iodine are the change makers in this novel technique of mastoidectomy, mentioned in this article. So, we named the technique as ‘POLIDON technique’ of mastoidectomy.
Material and Method
In our setting, placement of a transparent, sterile polythene sheet which acts as an interface between patient and surgeons and all other OR staffs is the most important issue. Meanwhile, extended use of Povidone Iodine (PVP-I) is recommended in different way. Mouthwash for gargling and nasal application either by spray or nasal irrigation or drop will reduce viral load from nose and mouth of patient. HCPs should use PVP-I prophylactically also. Thus the chance of transmissibility of novel coronavirus is reduced [13-15]. Meanwhile, Povidone Iodine should be mixed with irrigating fluid to help in reduction of contamination by bone dust mixed with fluid, produced during surgery. This technique was innovated by the corresponding author and applied in Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Taqwa General Hospital (, a private hospital) in three emergency/ urgent mastoid surgeries.
Povidone Iodine
In 1955 Povidone-iodine (iodine with water-soluble polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP-I) was invented. The active moiety, non PVP‐bound (free) iodine is released into solution from the PVP‐I complex. PVP delivers the free iodine to target cell membranes. Free iodine, that mediates the basic mechanism of action (oxidation of amino acids and nucleic acids in biological structures), which is difficult to counteract. This basic mechanism of action leads to strong microbicidal activity expressed by multiple modes of action that include the disruption of microbial metabolic pathways, as well as destabilisation of the structural components of cell membranes, causing irreversible damage to the pathogen. Consumed free iodine is then replaced by PVP‐bound iodine. The concentration of free iodine is the determining factor of the microbicidal action of PVP‐I. In a study investigating the virucidal activity of different disinfectants, Electron micrographic study revealed that, exposure of iodine led to destruction of nucleoproteins of viral particle-which is the main mechanism of action [16, 17]. However, disruption of surface proteins essential for the spread of enveloped viruses has also been noted [16, 18]. Furthermore, Iodine is a scavanger of free radical oxygen species, contributing to anti-inflammatory properties [16, 19]. This interaction ultimately results in microbial death [16-26].
Virucidal activity of PVP-I
Povidone‐iodine has been reported as having the highest virucidal activity profile among several antiseptics such as Chlorhexidine (CHG), Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), BEC and Alkyldiaminoethyl‐glycine hydrochloride (AEG) [16, 20]. PVP-I has been shown to be active in vitro against the coronaviruses that have caused epidemics in the last two decades, namely SARS-CoV causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2002-3 and MERS-CoV the agent responsible for causing the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic of 2012-13. SARS-CoV-2 is highly homologous with SARS-CoV, and as such it is considered a close relative of SARS-CoV1015. In his study Egger et al suggests that, upto 0.23% concentration of PVP-I is virucidal [17, 18]. Kariwa showed that treatment in vitro of SARS-CoV with various preparations of PVP-I for 2 minutes was enough to reduce viral activity to undetectable levels [14]. The lowest concentration used was 0·23%, found in an over the counter throat spray [18]. Recent studies conclude that SARS-CoV-2 should behave similarly 21[16-26].
Plastic/Polythene
Modern healthcare would not be possible without the use of plastic materials. Polythene is one type of it, which is popular for its greater flexibility, comfort and mobility. Polythene, with its exceptional barrier properties, light weight, low cost, durability, biocompatibility and transparency, is ideal for medical applications.
Today’s most innovative medical procedures are dependent on plastics
We designed a technique to use it like ototent (please see Figure) [27].
Proposed Steps of Mastoidectomy in COVID-19 pandemic:
1. Consent- written informed consent is mandatory.
2. Preparation of patient
a) Prior to surgery, patient is to gargle with 10-15 ml PVP-I 1% (undiluted) or 30 ml 0.5% (diluted with same amount of water) mouthwash solution
b) Nasal irrigation with PVP-I (0.5%) is to be given, in case of difficulty or inconvenience of patient PVP-I nasal spray or drop should be applied.
3. Preparation of members of surgical team
a) Sterile surgical gown should be put over impermeable gown or protective apron.
b) FFP3 or FFP2 or N95 mask or PAPR on face
c) Eye protective goggles
d) Hood cap is preferable than simple cap forehead protection.
e) Double gloves is preferable.
f) All health care professionals are proposed to use PVP-I for gargling and applying in nose in same manner as proposed for patient for protection as adjunct to PPE before and/ or after mastoidectomy.
g) During induction of anaesthesia and intubation full surgical team, except anaesthetist and one or two staff, necessary for this step, is to stay outside the OT. 5minutes later full team is to enter into the OT.
4. Positioning of the patient.
5. Skin should be prepared with PVP-I 10% solution.
6. PVP-I is to be mixed with irrigating fluid in atleast 1:10, i.e. 100 ml in 1litre of normal saline.
7. Draping is to be done properly.
8. Infiltration of local anaesthesia with Lignocaine with adrenaline.
9. A postauricular incision (usually) is to be made.
10. Skin, subcutaneous tissues are to be dissected.
11. Temporalis fascia is to be harvested.
12. Posteriorly or superiorly based flaps are to be made.
13. Another incision in external auditory canal 1 to 4 o’clock (traditionally 6 to 12 O’clock) position is to be made.
14. Mastoid retractors are to be fixed in position so that whole tympanic membrane (TM) could be visualized.
15. Margin of perforation is to be freshened.
16. Tympanomeatal flap is to be elevated.
17. Prior to start of drilling one or two additional, transparent, sterile polyethene sheet is to place and fix over the operative field, like an extra drapping sheet and a tent, where the apex is formed at microscope objective eye piece. This step can be performed prior to incision also.
Hands of surgeons and all necessary instruments kept inside the polythene sheet, the tent. Surgeons hands are to be fixed with the polythene sheet with adhesive tape.
Some ports in polythene sheet like microscope drape, for entry of surgeon and assistant’s hand can be made.
18. Mastoid drilling is to be started targeting the triangle of attack.
19. Drilling is to be continued for complete disease removal and completion of surgery
20. Cartilage or TORP or PORP is to be used for ossiculoplasty or other type of reconstruction.
21. Temporalis fascia is to be placed properly.
22. Wound is to be closed in layers after proper haemostasis.
23. Ototent made by polythene is to be removed.
24. Mastoid bandage is to be applied.
25. Anesthesiologist is to start the reversal process.
During extubation full surgical team, like before, is to stay outside OT again. Five minutes after extubation they should enter inside OT.
26. Proper doffing is to be done after the operative session [2- 4].
Preparation of Application of Povidone Iodine or PVP-I Prior to Surgery
For gargling and mouthwash
For fully conscious patient
a) PVP-I 1% solution (undiluted) 10 ml for 30 sec to 1 minute or 0.5% solution (diluted by mixing same amount of water, i.e. 10 ml PVP-I with 10ml water) 20ml for 1-2 minutes.
b) For patient with altered consciousness - A sponge swab or similar is soaked in 2-5 ml of 1% PV P-I and this is carefully wiped around all oral mucosal surface.
For nasal application
Nasal spray: 2-3 puff in each nostril with a standard atomizing devise with 0.5% solution of PVP-I or
Nasal irrigation: Irrigate or wash through both nostril with 200-300 ml (100-150 ml in each nostril) of 0.5% PVP-I solution or
Nasal drop: If nasal spray or irrigation facility is not available apply nasal drop 3-4 drops in each nostril [13, 14, 28].
Preparation of PVP-I mixed irrigating fluid
ml of PVP-I 10% solution is to be mixed with 900ml of Normal saline to make a PVP-I 1% solution. 50 ml of PVP-I 10% solution can be mixed with 950 ml of Normal saline also.
Polythene: Simple, transparent polythene.
The plastic/polythene sheet allows good mobility of the hands of the surgeons. In spite of being transparent or translucent, there may have some degree of glare. Several modifications can be done. Our focus is on the simplest method. Any positive modification is appreciable. We designed a technique to use it like ototent (please see Figure) [27]. Microscope drape is an alternative, relatively expensive, but not available everywhere, especially in developing or any resource constraint country [9, 22].
Special considerations
1) Number of health care professionals in the OT should be minimum. In an ear surgical procedure, only one or two surgeons is/are needed to be in the OR and all observers should be excluded. This is important to reduce potential exposures, but also to limit use of PPE (mainly N95 masks).
2) Experienced and skilled surgical team is must.
3) If facility and time allows mastoidectomy should be done under general anaesthesia in a negative pressure room.
4) Electrocauterization by monopolar diathermy should be avoided, otherwise minimized.
5) For educators, making a video recording of the surgery is to be suggested to share with trainees, if possible, rather trained them under direct guidance [24] (Figures 1-5).
