Authored by Ilan A Yaeger
Background and aims: By present
guidelines, unprotected stenotic LMCA that requires revascularization is
revascularized in
most cases by a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation whereas
only select groups of patients that are contraindicated for
CABG operation are treated by percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA). A possibility of a CABG operation is never
taken lightly, therefore ways of avoiding it within the LMCA-LCx-LAD
stenotic configuration are explored in this article.
Methods and results: A numerical simulation of intracoronary pressures combined with the multi-artery FFR method is
applied to the stenotic 3-artery configuration LMCA-LCx-LAD under conditions of stable and minimal microvascular resistance. In
this method a clear distinction is made between the familiar FFRtrue which is the FFR of an artery in its virtually stand-alone position
and its actual FFR (denoted FFRreal) when the artery is part of an arterial configuration in which the stenosis-stenosis interaction
with other arteries impedes and reduces its blood flow (and therefore FFRreal ≤ FFRtrue ). The kind of treatment that the artery needs
is now determined by its FFRreal numerical value, not by its FFRtrue. From the initially measured intracoronary pressures the method
can yield the current status of the LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration (namely FFRreal and FFRtrue
of each artery). Also, from the very same
data, outcomes of all possible future revascularizations can be
predicted. From the predicted future outcomes one can figure out if
LMCA revascularization is required and also what effect would a LMCA
revascularization, or lack of it, have on the current treatment
decision for LCx and/or LAD arteries. The numerical examples in the
article clearly show the interdependence of treatment decisions
for the various arteries through inter-arterial stenosis-stenosis
interactions. It turns out that in the intermediate stenosis severity
range the FFRtrue of an artery may be satisfactory but its FFRreal is sometimes lower by about 0.3 indicating in most of such cases that
revascularization is mandatory.
Conclusion: The first step in the multi-artery FFR method is
to measure the intracoronary pressures at particular locations in
the arterial configuration. The intracoronary pressures yield the
present status of the configuration as well as the outcomes of all
possible future revascularizations of the arteries of the configuration
(provided that no revascularization-induced stenosis anatomy
changes take place). This unique property yields eventually the optimal
resolution of the stenotic LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration.
Introduction
The LMCA is the most important coronary artery since it provides the blood suPply to almost the entire left ventricle [1]. The LMCA was first assessed by an angiographic method which was problematic because of inherent difficulties associated with LMCA like short vessel segment, lack of a reference vessel, eccentricity and other unfavourable phenomena [2]. Assessment of LMCA was also made extensively by IntraVascular UltraSound (IVUS) for considerable period of time [3]. In many cases the LMCA has a particular distribution and nature of plaque. LMCA plaque was found to be diffuse and to extend into the proximal LAD, LCx arteries in most cases [4]. This undoubtedly complicates the treatment of stenotic LMCA. The results and consequences of the first percutaneous interventions in LMCA showed that at that time percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) could not be acceptable as a standard treatment [5]. This led to the consensus that PTCA is contraindicated for treating a stenotic unprotected LMCA (namely without even one bypass graft to LAD and/or LCx arteries) [6]. In view of the progress in the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice, in terms of technology and operators’ experience in recent years, there is an increasing number of reports about LMCA treatment by PCI procedures and CABG surgeries with comparable results [7,8]. There is no intention to participate in this debate in the present article, its aim is just to stress the importance of the LMCA revascularization issue and show some alternative options.In recent years some researchers have realized that LMCA cannot be treated as a single and independent entity because of the effect that stenotic LAD and LCx, that are sizable arteries, may have on the blood flow of LMCA. Attempts have been made to use the basic FFR method to this end [9-11]. The basic FFR method however is a single-artery FFR method that can assess a single stenosis in a single artery [12] as well as serial stenoses within a single artery [13] but since it does not take into account stenosis-stenosis interarterial interactions, it cannot provide adequate assessment of stenosis severity in LMCA in the presence of another sizable stenotic artery. Even in the well-known FAME study [14] cases with diseased LMCA were excluded thus exposing each of LAD and LCx arteries to proximal aortic pressure making them independent of each other. Consequently, each of the so-called multi-vessel disease (MVD) cases of FAME was actually a single or a couple of independent single-vessel disease (SVD) cases and each was treated as such. The attempts to assess LMCA by the basic FFR method and figure out the effect of downstream stenoses [9-11] were dubious. In those studies, one of the downstream arteries (LAD or LCx) was stenosisfree and the other one was stenotic. The pressure wire was placed in the non-stenotic artery and the researchers claimed that practically there was no effect by downstream stenosis on FFR(LMCA) unless the downstream stenosis was proximal and severe [9-11].
In 2015 the multi-artery FFR method was developed to be used with numerical simulation of intracoronary pressures [15] in order to handle a system of two or more interacting stenotic arteries under conditions of minimal and stable microvascular resistance (either inherent or pharmacologically induced). A clear distinction was made between the familiar FFRtrue and the actual FFR (denoted FFRreal). FFRtrue of a stenotic artery in the LMCALCx- LAD configuration is the ratio of the maximum flow through the stenotic artery, assuming that all other arteries are stenosisfree, and the maximal flow through the artery when all arteries of the configuration (including the artery under consideration) are virtually stenosis-free. On the other hand, FFRreal of an artery in the arterial configuration is the ratio between the actual flow through the artery when all arteries of the configuration are in their real state (some or all of which may be stenotic and interacting with the artery under consideration) and the maximum flow through the artery when all arteries of the configuration (including the one under consideration) are hypothetically stenosis-free. The kind of treatment that the artery needs is now determined by its FFRreal numerical value, not by its FFRtrue. The reason for this is that being a member of an arterial configuration, the artery is no longer just by itself, its flow is affected also by the flow in other arteries of the configuration (some of which may be stenotic). This effect is termed stenosis-stenosis interaction and FFRreal ≤ FFRtrue. FFRtrue however is an intrinsic property of the artery. If the artery is fully revascularized, FFRtrue of the artery is taken to be FFRtrue = 1.00 (in reality it may be somewhat less). Studying the effect of downstream stenoses on LMCA by the multi-artery FFR method, it can be seen from the simulation of [15] that under the arterial conditions of [9-11] (stenotic LAD and non-stenotic LCx), in the intermediate stenosis severity range of FFRtrue(LMCA) the numerical values of FFRreal(LMCA) within that table are significantly affected by the stenotic LAD artery in its intermediate and high stenosis severity (low FFRtrue(LAD)) ranges.
In the present article the LMCA is assessed by the multi-artery FFR method within the 3-artery configuration LMCA-LCx-LAD in which all 3 members of the configuration may be stenotic and inter-arterial stenosis-stenosis interactions might be substantial. The aim of the article is to devise an optimal revascularization strategy of the configuration arteries in an attempt to avoid revascularization of LMCA, when possible. If such revascularization is unavoidable, and therefore carried out, it may indirectly improve also the status of one or both downstream arteries to the extent of removing the necessity for their revascularization. The difference between FFRtrue and FFRreal of each artery reflects the intensity of the inter-arterial stenosis-stenosis interaction. Using the multiartery FFR method, if no revascularization-induced morphological plaque changes take place, a detailed assessment of the outcomes of potential revascularizations can be obtained already from the initial measurement of intracoronary pressures at some particular locations within the LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration Figure1. For simplicity, it will be assumed that collaterals are not involved and that the stenoses in all 3 arteries of the configuration in Figure 1 are localized. Although it is usually true for LAD and LCx arteries, this is usually not the case for the LMCA for which the disease may be diffuse and in many cases the LMCA plaque extends to the proximal LAD and/or LCx [4]. In order to compensate for this phenomenon, aPpropriate simple aPproximations will be made.
Methods
The basic formulas of the multi-artery FFR method
In this article a numerical simulation of intracoronary pressures is combined with the multi-artery FFR method. The method will be aPplied to the stenotic 3-artery configuration LMCA-LCx-LAD presented schematically in Figure 1. It is a configuration of sizable stenotic arteries of the kind that has been treated in a generalized way by the multi-artery FFR method [16]. In the present article however the focus is on the LMCA revascularization issue. Due to lack of space, the lengthy mathematics involved in the derivation of the formulas and expressions of this method will not be repeated here, the reader will rather be directed to the relevant reference when aPpropriate. Despite the elaborate mathematics, the final mathematical formulas are relatively simple. They will be given in the next section in a concise form and can be therefore used in real time by the practitioner in the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) process. For the convenience of the reader, the relevant notations and expressions will be given in the following Figure 1:Artery 1 (LMCA) - functionally the epicardial conductance artery of the configuration Artery 2 (LCx) and Artery 3 (LAD) - epicardial end arteries of the configuration leading to the myocardium Rit - resistance of artery i= 1, 2, 3; subscript t indicates type of resistance (s – stenotic, mv –microvascular).
As indicated in the 1. Introduction paragraph, treatment criteria for an artery no longer relate to its FFRtrue, rather to its FFRreal. The FFRtrue expressions however do represent intrinsic properties of the stenotic arteries. They will be therefore given in the following [17] Figure 1:
FFRtrue(1) = 1/[(R1s/R2mv) + (R1s/R3mv) + 1] (1)
FFRtrue(2) = 1/[1 + (R2s/R2mv)] (2)
FFRtrue(3) = 1/[1 + (R3s/R3mv)] (3)
Another expression that involves resistances is the ratio δ of microvascular resistances:
δ = R3mv/R2mv (4)
FFRreal of each one of the arteries of the configuration can be expressed in terms of FFRtrue(1), FFRtrue(2), FFRtrue(3) and δ that can be all regarded for practical purposes as auxiliary variables [15,16].
Since coronary arteries vary from person to person, so do their associated microvascular resistances and so does the ratio δ. It has been shown that δ is also equal to the geometry-dependent ratio of the viscous resistances (by the Poiseuille formula) of the stems of Artery 3 (LAD) and Artery 2 (LCx) [18]. Within the statistical range of morphological variations (radii, rates of tapering and lengths) of LAD and LCx [17] in most cases δ is within close proximity of δ = 1 . Within this range of δ however the calculated FFRreal values of the arteries of the configuration exhibit low and quite acceptable variations of just ΔFFRreal=±0.02, in the low and intermediate FFR stenosis severity ranges [18]. For practical reasons it is preferable to use a single value of δ in the formulas and if one chooses to use δ = 1, the variation of δ from person to person will have little effect on FFRreal of the arteries of the LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration since in the close proximity of δ = 1 the calculated FFRreal of the arteries (as functions of δ) are statistically nearly constant within the patient population.
The final concise formulas of the multi-artery FFR method for the use of the PCI practitioner
As indicated, the δ in the expressions in this section is taken as δ = 1. The artery indices 1, 2 and 3 in the expressions here correspond to LMCA, LCx and LAD respectively Figure 1. The initial values of the FFRtrue of each one of the arteries of the configuration of Figure 1 can be obtained from the measured intracoronary pressures by the following expressions [16]:FFRtrue(1) = 1/{[(pa-Pp)∙(1+ δ)]/(P3d+ δ∙P2d) + 1} (5)
FFRtrue(2) = P2d / Pp (6)
FFRtrue(3) = P3d / Pp (7)
It should be noted that if the plaque of LMCA extends into the proximal LCx and/or LAD arteries (see 1. Introduction), Pp can no longer be taken as an intracoronary pressure at one particular location and aPpropriate compensatory aPproximations need to be made. In this context, the following definitions are made Figure 1:
P2p - intracoronary pressure in proximal Artery 2 (LCx) measured at a point immediately following LMCA plaque and preceding R2s
P3p - intracoronary pressure in proximal Artery 3 (LAD) measured at a point immediately following LMCA plaque and preceding R3s
In such a case the Pp in the formulas in this article is defined as the following average:
Pp = (P2p + P3p)/2 (8)
The current values of the FFRreal of the arteries of the configuration in Figure 1 can be also obtained from the measured intracoronary pressures [16]:
FFRreal(1) = (P3d + δ∙P2d)/[pa∙(1+ δ)] (9)
FFRreal(2) = P2d / pa (10)
FFRreal(3) = P3d / pa (11)
From the current FFRreal values it can be determined if revascularizations are needed. In order to predict outcomes of potential revascularizations, FFRreal of each artery in Figure 1 needs to be expressed in terms of FFRtrue of each of the arteries and δ. One has [16]:
FFRreal(1)={ FFRtrue(1)∙[FFRtrue(3)+δ∙FFRtrue(2)] } / {[1-FFRtrue(1)]∙[δ∙FFRtrue(2)+FFRtrue(3)]+ (1+δ)∙FFRtrue(1) } (12)
FFRreal(2)= [(1+ δ)∙FFRtrue(1)∙FFRtrue(2)] /{[1-FFRtrue(1)]∙[δ∙FFRtrue(2) +FFRtrue(3)] + (1+ δ)∙FFRtrue(1) } (13)
FFRreal(3)= [(1+ δ)∙FFRtrue(1)∙FFRtrue(3)] /{[1-FFRtrue(1)]∙[δ∙FFRtrue(2) +FFRtrue(3)] + (1+ δ)∙FFRtrue(1) } (14)
If an FFRreal of each artery is to be predicted from expressions (12), (13) and (14) in case of a planned revascularization, the FFRtrue for the artery to be revascularized is taken as FFRtrue = 1.00 whereas FFRtrue values of the other arteries remain at their initial value (see numerical Example #1 and Example #2 in next paragraph). Note that all three FFRreal expressions (12), (13) and (14) have the same denominator and this facilitates and shortens the data processing time in the PCI procedure.
Result
In this paragraph strategies will be devised to handle a stenotic LMCA by the multi-artery FFR method. APpropriate numerical examples will be presented with intracoronary pressure values at particular locations within the LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration Figure 1 given by numerical simulation.Example #1:
In this example the simulated intracoronary pressures are taken to be the following Figure 1:pa = 105 mmHg
Pp = 86 mmHg
P2d = 75 mmHg
P3d = 80 mmHg
δ is taken to be δ = 1
The calculated current FFRtrue numerical values of the arteries of Figure 1then are:
FFRtrue(1) = 0.80 (see expression (5))
FFRtrue(2) = 0.87 (see expression (6) )
FFRtrue(3) = 0.93 (see expression (7) ) The corresponding FFRreal numerical values are:
FFRreal(1) = 0.74 (see expression (9) )
FFRreal(2) = 0.71 (see expression (10) )
FFRreal(3) = 0.76 (see expression (11) )
It is evident that FFRreal of Artery 1 and Artery Figure 1 are unacceptable whereas FFRreal(3) is barely within the FFR treatment decision ‘grey zone’. Some revascularization options will be now tried:
Option #1 – Revascularization of Artery 2 - FFRtrue(2) = 1.00
The FFRtrue values of the other two arteries remain equal to their current values:
FFRtrue(1) = 0.80 ; FFRtrue(3) = 0.93 ;
Using these values, post revascularization FFRreal values of each artery can be predicted:
FFRreal(1) = 0.78 (see expression (12) )
FFRreal(2) = 0.81 (see expression (13) )
FFRreal(3) = 0.75 (see expression (14) )
Note that when LMCA is stenotic, the blood flows in LAD and LCx are competing. Revascularization of LCx Figure 1 increases the flow in LCx artery but reduces the flow in LAD artery. This is why the revascularization would result in slight reduction of FFRreal(3) (from 0.76 to 0.75).
The FFRreal values of the arteries are within the FFR treatment decision ‘grey zone’ and it is up to the practitioner to take into account the clinical condition of the particular patient and decide whether such a post-revascularization outcome might be satisfactory or not. Note that if both Artery 2 and Artery 3 Figure 1 are revascularized, not just Artery 2, then by definition one would have FFRreal(1) = FFRtrue(1) = 0.80 . Namely not much would be gained for LMCA by revascularizing one more end artery in this case. However, depending on the clinical condition of the particular patient, it is up to the PCI practitioner to make a decision if it would be right to revascularize LMCA at a cost of subjecting the patient to stenting or a full scale CABG operation.
Now let’s see Figure 1 what can be gained if the PCI practitioner decides to have LMCA revascularized:
Option #2 – Revascularization of Artery 1 - FFRtrue(1) = 1.00
The FFRtrue values of Artery 2 and Artery 3 remain equal to their current values:
FFRtrue(2) = 0.87 ; FFRtrue(3) = 0.93 ;
The post-revascularization predicted values of FFRreal of the arteries of the configuration are:
FFRreal(1) = 0.90 (see expression (12) )
FFRreal(2) = 0.87 (see expression (13) )
FFRreal(3) = 0.93 (see expression (14) )
The FFRreal values of all arteries are acceptable. Therefore, if the PCI practitioner intends to have LMCA revascularized, there is no need to revascularize any of the end Arteries 2 and 3 Figure 1.
Example #2:
The simulated intracoronary pressures are taken to be the following Figure 1:pa = 102 mmHg
P2p = 72 mmHg
P3p = 68 mmHg
Pp = (P2p + P3p)/2 = 70 mmHg
P2d = 50 mmHg
P3d = 63 mmHg
One takes δ to be δ = 1
The artery indices 1, 2 and 3 correspond to LMCA, LCx and LAD respectively.
The calculated current FFRtrue numerical values of the Arteries 1, 2, and 3 of Figure 1 are:
FFRtrue(1) = 0.64 (see expression (5) )
FFRtrue(2) = 0.71 (see expression (6) )
FFRtrue(3) = 0.90 (see expression (7) )
The FFRreal numerical values are:
FFRreal(1) = 0.55 (see expression (9) )
FFRreal(2) = 0.49 (see expression (10) )
FFRreal(3) = 0.62 (see expression (11) )
It is obvious that the current FFRreal values are unacceptable and that the revascularization options for improving the condition of LMCA are quite limited.
Option #1: If both arteries LCx and LAD are revascularized, by definition one has
FFRreal(1) = FFRtrue(1) = 0.64
This is still unacceptable, therefore the revascularization of LMCA is inevitable. In such a case
FFRtrue(1) = 1.00 while Arteries 2 and 3 Figure 1 maintain their current FFRtrue values:
FFRtrue(2) = 0.71 (see expression (6) )
FFRtrue(3) = 0.90 (see expression (7) )
Calculating the FFRreal of the arteries following LMCA revascularization, one has
FFRreal(1) = 0.81 (see expression (12) )
FFRreal(2) = 0.71 (see expression (13) )
FFRreal(3) = 0.90 (see expression (14) )
The revascularization of LMCA may have elevated FFRreal(1) to an acceptable level by the PCI practitioner but FFRreal(2) is still unacceptable. There is no alternative but to revascularize also Artery 2. Such a revascularization may improve not only FFRreal(2) but further improve FFRreal(1) due to stenosis-stenosis interaction.
Let’s check therefore Option #2 of revascularizing both Artery 1 and Artery 2:
FFRtrue(1) = FFRtrue(2) = 1.00 FFRtrue(3) = 0.90
Option #2 yields:
FFRreal(1) = 0.95 (see expression (12) )
FFRreal(2) = 1.00 (see expression (13) )
FFRreal(3) = 0.90 (see expression (14) )
All these FFRreal values are acceptable.
As expected, revascularization of both Artery 1 and Artery 2 has improved FFRreal(1) as well as FFRreal(2). Option #2 is therefore the optimal resolution of the stenotic 3-artery configuration Figure 1 in this case.
Discussion and Conclusion
Uniqueness of the combined numerical simulation and multi-artery FFR method
For more than two decades, one of the major courses of activity in cardiology has been the study of hemodynamic effects in human coronary arteries by simulation methods prior to progressing to the clinical level. The effect of stenosis in coronary arteries has been studied particularly by mechanical simulation in vitro methods [19] as well as by porcine model in vivo simulation methods [20]. Unlike those simulations, the numerical simulation of intracoronary pressures combined with the multi-artery FFR method provides a natural and smooth transition to the process that takes actually place in the catheterization laboratory. It should be also noted that the simulated intracoronary pressures used in the article belong to the numerical range encountered in the real PCI practice. Therefore, the PCI practitioner can simply use the measured pressure values readily with the formulas and expressions given in the article. In order to demonstrate this, in this paragraph the logic and particulars of the two examples presented in the article will be discussed first and discussion of other related matters will follow.A step-by-step walk through Examples #1 and #2
Due to the extreme importance of LMCA, in the stenosis severity assessment of the arteries of the LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration, the primary attention of the PCI practitioner should focus on LMCA. One should figure out firstly if LMCA revascularization is mandatory in the case under consideration. In this paragraph it will be exactly described what should be systematically done to this end, employing the multi-artery FFR method. At the very beginning the practitioner should figure out what is the possible maximal FFRreal(LMCA). The maximal level of FFRreal(LMCA) is obtained by revascularizing both LCx and LAD, namely when FFRreal(LMCA)= FFRtrue(LMCA). This maximal level needs to be checked in order to see if its numerical value is below the numerical ‘grey zone’ lower limit of the FFR treatment decision range. A maximal FFRreal(LMCA) below the lower limit of the ‘grey zone’ would imply a mandatory revascularization of LMCA. In Example #2 of paragraph 3. Results a description of such a case is presented. One has the following relationship: maximal FFRreal(LMCA) = FFRtrue(LMCA) = FFRtrue(1) = 1/{[(pa - Pp)∙(1+ δ)]/(P3d+ δ∙P2d) + 1} with δ = 1 Figure 1. Note that should a revascularization of LMCA take place, the FFRreal of all the arteries would change, therefore the outcome of LMCA revascularization should be predicted prior to any further future action with regard to other arteries (see expressions (12), (13) and (14) in paragraph 2. Methods). From the initial values of the FFRreal of all the arteries in Example #2 , it seemed that all 3 arteries would need revascularization. However from the predicted outcome of LMCA revascularization it could be seen that it would bring sufficient (though not maximal) relief to Artery 1 (LMCA) (FFRreal(1) = 0.81) and to Artery 3 (LAD) (FFRreal(3) = 0.90) but not to Artery 2 (LCx) (FFRreal(2) = 0.71). Therefore Artery 2 needs to be revascularized too. When Artery 2 is revascularized (in addition to LMCA) the predicted outcome would be FFRreal(LMCA) = 0.95 , FFRreal(LCx) = 1.00 and FFRreal(LAD) = 0.90 which is the optimal resolution of the configuration Figure 1. Note that the improvement of FFRreal(LMCA) (from FFRreal(LMCA) = 0.81 to FFRreal(LMCA) = 0.95) is due to the inter-arterial stenosis-stenosis interaction.Now let’s consider a case in which LMCA revascularization may be avoidable, depending on the clinical considerations of the PCI practitioner. Such a case is described in Example #1 of paragraph 3. Results Figure 1. The FFRreal values of all 3 arteries of the configuration in that example are very close to the lower end of the ‘grey zone’ of the FFR decision range, slightly above or below the lower end. Excluding the option of revascularizing LMCA, in an attempt to elevate the FFRreal of the arteries, one of the end arteries needs to be revascularized. In Example #1 initially one has FFRtrue(LCx) = 0.87 and FFRtrue(LAD) = 0.93 . Since revascularization yields FFRtrue = 1.00 for a fully revascularized artery then with FFRtrue(LCx) being farther away from 1.00 than FFRtrue(LAD), it seems that it would be more beneficial to revascularize Artery 2 (LCx) than Artery 3 (LAD). Revascularization of Artery 2 (LCx) yields:
FFRreal(LMCA) = 0.78 ; FFRreal(LCx) = 0.81 ; FFRreal(LAD) = 0.75 ;
The net gain of such a revascularization is that the FFRreal values are essentially elevated and pushed farther up into the FFR treatment decision ‘grey zone’, which makes the condition of the arteries barely acceptable. Note that when LMCA is stenotic, the flows in LAD (Artery 3) and CLx (Artery 2) compete and an increase of the CLx flow results in decrease of the LAD flow. This is why there is a slight reduction in FFRreal(LAD) (from 0.76 to 0.75). As indicated, since FFRtrue(LAD) is already very close to 1.00, no significant change of FFRreal values of the arteries would result by revascularizing Artery 3 (LAD) Figure 1. Should the PCI practitioner decide to revascularize LMCA, the FFRreal of all arteries would be acceptable by a wide margin (see end of Example #1 in paragraph 3. Results).
In this section some strategies of systematically resolving stenotic LMCA within stenotic LMCA-LCx-LAD configurations by the multi-artery FFR method have been presented. One of the important distinctions between an unprotected stenotic LMCA and other stenotic coronary arteries is the way of treatment. If a revascularization of an unprotected LMCA is required, the PCI practitioner has to turn to the current clinical practice guidelines [2] in order to make the choice between a CABG operation and a PTCA procedure. Potential revascularization of LMCA, if carried out, may affect treatment decisions with regard to LCx and/or LAD arteries. This is why the possibility of LMCA revascularization should be always explored first in the assessment of a stenotic LMCA-LCx-LAD configuration.
The inter-arterial stenosis-stenosis interaction
The present article also sheds new light on the concept of the elusive stenosis-stenosis interaction. This concept came into being about 20 years ago when it was realized that the interaction between 2 stenoses in a single artery is such that FFR of each stenotic segment separately cannot be calculated by the simple equation for isolated stenoses [21]. In the present article the concept of single-artery stenosis-stenosis interaction is extended to inter-arterial stenosis-stenosis interaction. Being a physical effect, it should be possible to provide a quantitative measure of its intensity. The intensity of this interaction, the extent to which the flows in other arteries of the configuration affect the flow in an artery, is reflected by the magnitude of the difference ΔFFR between its FFRtrue and its FFRreal, namely ΔFFR = FFRtrue - FFRreal. ΔFFR can be therefore regarded as the most natural choice of a quantitative measure of the intensity of the stenosis-stenosis interaction. In the numerical examples presented in the article it is shown that in the intermediate stenosis severity range ΔFFR of an artery may reach even a value as high as 0.3 which is about 3-fold the width of the FFR treatment decision ‘grey zone’.Some downsides of the multi-artery FFR method
Being a relatively novel method, the multi-artery FFR method deals essentially with the salient features of stenotic coronary 3-artery configurations [15,16,18]. On the grounds of simplicity, it is assumed in the present article that collaterals are not involved with the arteries of the stenotic coronary configuration. At an advanced stage of coronary disease however, collaterals may assume a substantially significant role.From the analysis of the possibilities of resolving the stenotic LMCA-LCx-LAD configurations in Example #1 and Example #2 of this article (in 3. Results) some downsides of the multi-artery FFR method stand out. Firstly, the method does not (and actually cannot) take into account the exact location of stenoses. Assuming a same FFRreal, a stenosis in the proximal section of an artery potentially puts at risk more side branches than a stenosis in the distal section of an artery. Such a matter can be taken into consideration only by a PCI practitioner who can weigh the importance of such a state of a configuration. Secondly, more often than not, the PCI practitioner may be confronted with an unfavourable numerical value of FFRreal of an artery. If FFRreal is below the lower end of the ‘grey zone’ of the FFR decision range then it is undisputedly not acceptable. However, if FFRreal is within the ‘grey zone’ or slightly above it, the PCI practitioner has to decide what can be regarded ‘safe’ for the patient under consideration and what would be a clinically justifiable ‘price’ (a CABG operation or PTCA) for it. In conclusion, although the multi-artery FFR method provides the PCI practitioner with precise data about the status of the LMCA-LCx- LAD configuration (namely FFRreal and FFRtrue of each artery), in order to devise a strategy of handling a complex stenotic coronary configuration, especially one that involves an unprotected LMCA, professional experience and careful judgement on the part of the PCI practitioner are virtually irreplaceable.
Acknowledgement
None.Conflict of Interest
No conflict of interest.
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