Authored by Derseh Yilie limeneh*
Abstract
Cotton weather in the form of fiber or fabric, a natural cellulose material, is widely used in the textile industry for its excellent properties. However, its application in some fields is seriously restricted because of its poor ant pilling behavior, antibacterial and UV-protection, comfortably, tensile properties, softness properties, water repellence and wrinkle recovery, hydrophobic property, wicking properties and dye ability of cotton fabrics and to use it as nano particle. That is why the surface and chemical modification carried out through different methodology with chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade to achieve such important property of the cotton materials like super hydrophobic, good surface property of a cotton when it treat with weather plasma, nanoparticles coating, composite film and chemical treatments (3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane,bifunctional polysiloxanes, silane coupling agents vinyltriethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane, chloropyrimidine compounds. All modification enhances the application of cotton material in different sectors.
Keywords: Hydrophobic property; Surface modification; Chemical modification; Wicking property; Functional property
Introduction
Cotton fiber is one of the most important natural fibers which provide a wide range of application in textile materials because of its easy availability, low density, light weight, low cost, and above all environment friendly characteristics. But the major problem of the cotton fiber is its lower flexibility and softness properties which limit an extended use of cotton as well as other fibers. By these modifications, some new moieties are introduced on the fiber backbone that can improve its properties. That is why the surface modification of cotton fiber was successfully carried out by condensation polymerization with 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (GPTES) in an ethanol-water medium to enhance the tensile strength and softness properties of the cotton, by introducing a more flexible Si-O bond between the silane coupling agents and the cotton fiber was introduced by Mondal IH, et al. [1]. Other report in 2014 by Bhat, et al. [2] declare that effect of plasma treatments on the surface properties of textile fibers by using the radio frequency (RF)-generated plasma in terms of chemical interactions on the surface modification of cotton fabrics using a variety of gases and its effects on wetting and dyeing properties. Like other modification hydrophobicity of cotton can be done by Zhang M, et al. [3] in which the modification can effectively protect the cotton fabric from pollution, mildew and shrinkage which is greatly restrict the further application and development of cotton textile by treating cotton surface with zinc oxide film. Since highly hydrophobic natural textiles due their unique characteristics such as self-cleaning, anti-contamination and anti-sticking needed so fabrication of super hydrophobic cotton fabrics by a simple chemical modification using bifunctional polysiloxanes with various contents of functional groups can be demonstrated by Przybylak M. et al. [4]. Chemical treatment of the cotton fibers not only reduces their moisture absorption process but also functionalize a cotton fiber. Mondal IH, et al. [5] investigates the effect of silane treatment on the moisture resistance, swelling behavior, tensile strength, wrinkle recovery properties, thermal stability and surface morphology of cotton fibers. Much less has been reported on modification of cotton fiber by silane coupling agents. In investigation by Kongdee A, et al. [6] modification of Cotton Fibers with Sericin Using Non- Formaldehyde Released Cross linking Agents are done in which the cotton fibers were selected to keep moisture absorbency; they were modified with sericin for biomedical purposes.
Composite material with natural cellulosic fibers had attached a lot of attention due to their biodegradability, excellent mechanical property and high surface reactivity. But the one which is declared by Patino-ruiz D, et al. [7] can improve its application by modify cotton fibers with magnetite and magnetic core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Functional finishing of cotton fabrics using zinc oxide–soluble starch nanocomposites to impart antibacterial and UV-protection functions also be reported by Vigneshwaran N, et al. [8], which is better way to solve such a problem with cotton fabric. Cotton fiber easily unravel and the loose fiber ends form balls on the surface of fabric during the process of dyeing and finishing, wearing, and washing, which effects the handle, appearance, and wear ability of fabrics. For this Dong X, et al. [9] finds that the poor ant pilling behavior of cotton fabric with durable antipilling modification of cotton fabric with chloropyrimidine compounds. The effect of gamma radiation on the cotton fabric and compare the dye ability of gamma irradiated fabric with that of chemically mercerized fabric using reactive dye, reactive violet H3R is investigated by Zahid M, et al. [10] and the color strength values for the mercerized and the gamma irradiated cotton fabric show that the irradiated fabric had high color strength at 60 °C using dye bath of pH10 in the presence of 6 g/L of exhausting agent while dyeing for 40min. according to this work both mercerization and irradiation increased the surface area of fibers that substantially elevated the dyeing performance and fastness properties. The objective of this work is to investigate the functional modification of cotton fiber or fabrics.
Materials and Methods
For textile performance of functionalized cotton fiber with 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane
Cotton fiber sample with3-Glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane chemical were used to for the evaluation of textile performance of functionalized cotton fiber with 3-Glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane by Mondal IH, et al. [1]. Alkaline washing was applied for the removal of non-cellulose compounds before cotton fibers were dipped in silane solution, prepared by mixing GPTES with an ethanol/water mixture, in which evaluation of physical and chemical Properties such as Measurement of tensile strength (portable Electronic Single Yarn Strength Tester YG021J), moisture analyzers(moisture content), swelling behavior(dipping them in water, methanol, and carbon tetrachloride), wrinkle recovery angle (wrinkle recovery tester) of the functionalized and unmodified cotton fibers. Finally characterization of Unmodified and Surface Modified Cotton Fibers are done by using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, XRD analysis to determine the composition, microstructure and the surface morphology, thermal decomposition rate and the thermal stability, diffraction intensity respectively.
For surface modification of cotton fabrics using plasma technology
The gray cotton fabric with different type of dyes (direct reactive and neutral) used were for the surface modification of cotton fabrics using plasma treatment with Bhat NV, et al. [2]. A sample of size 20cm times 20cm was inserted in the chamber and treated by plasma. The main gases, pressure were air and dichlorodifluoromethane (DCFM) and 20 Pascal was maintained during the plasma treatments. Gray, as well as desized, scoured, and bleached cotton, fabrics were used for further studies and subjected to plasma treatments the surface morphologies of treated fabrics were examined using a scanning electron microscope (model JEOL, JSM-5400), absorbency (AATCC 79-2000), contact angles (photographs of the water drops), wicking action (ISO 9073- 6:2000) and after dyeing of desized, scoured, and plasma-treated fabrics then the amount of dye absorbed by the sample, color strength using an ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer and Nova Scan, Macbeth Color Eye 7000A equipment respectively.
For super hydrophobic cotton textile with robust composite film and flame retardancy
Zhang M, et al. [3], prepare zinc oxide film super hydrophobic cotton textile with robust composite film and flame retardancy by using cotton sample immersed in amine zinc oxide solution (zinc oxide added to ethanol in the presence of APDMS), would solidly stick to the cotton substrate via a chemical bonding of numerous amino and epoxy groups through then the dried was fluorinated using trimethethoxysilane solution. Ultimately the super hydrophobic cotton fabrics were obtained at ambient temperature and to enhance the mechanical stability, polystyrene was introduced to further decorate the super-hydrophobic cotton surface. Then the morphology of the cotton sample surface and zinc oxide was characterized with scanning electron microscope (FEI QUANTA200), transmission electrons microscope (JEOL JEM2100). The pure and amine-functionalized zinc oxide, elemental composition of the film on the sample surface, water contact angle, abrasion, thermo gravimetric analysis was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MAGNA-IR560, Nicolet), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (K-Alpha), contact meter(Powereach,JC2000C), Martindale ,thermo gravimetric analyzer CTA instrument) to measure abrasions as well as thermogravimetric used.
For fabrication of super hydrophobic cotton fabrics by a simple chemical modification
A cotton fabric with and two types of bifunctional polysiloxanes with different ratios of functional groups were used by Przybylak M. et al. [4] to fabrication of super hydrophobic cotton fabrics by a simple chemical modification and was performed by the onestep method via chemical treatment with solutions of bifunctional polysiloxanes or by the two-step method, which consisted of the introduction of silica sol at the first stage followed by the chemical modification. The durability of the hydrophobic properties of fabrics was determined by measurements of the WCA on the surface of fabrics after the modification and after one and ten washing. The analytical balance Ohaus, automatic video contact-angle testing apparatus ( Kruss model DSA 100), was used for determination of the amount of modifiers add-on and the analysis was carried out by employing the SEM-EDS technique to determine ultimate elements (Si,F, N and P) and water contact angles. Surface topography was carried out using a Hitachi S-3400 N scanning electron microscope.
For modification of cotton fiber with functionalized silane coupling agents vinyltriethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane
Silane treatment of cotton fibers was carried out with vinyltriethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane after cotton fibers were washed with 0.2% Na2CO3 solution at 75 ºC for 30 minutes then evaluation of physical properties such as tensile strength, moisture absorption, swelling capacity, wrinkle recovery angle, dyeing of raw and exhaustion of dye of silane modified cotton fibers was measured using a “Portable Electronic Single Yarn Strength Tester YG021J” and as a function of weight gain, treating them with water, methanol, and carbon tetrachloride, wrinkle recovery tester (Daiei Kagaku Seiki Ltd. Kyoto, JAPAN), dyeing machine (DYSIN, Taiwan, China), calorimetrically (Type-S104, No- 221, Spectrophotometer) then finally characterization of surface modified cotton fibers is conducted by Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy analysis, Thermo gravimetric analysis, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis using Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 infrared spectrometer, electron microscope (FEI Quanta Inspect, Model: S50, Kyoto, Japan) to observe the microstructure and the surface morphology, Seiko-Extar-TG/DTA-6300 (Seiko-Japan), solid state device (FEI Quanta Inspect, Model: S50).
For modification of cotton fibers with sericinusing nonformaldehyde released cross linking agents
Different chemicals and cotton fabric sample (30×40 cm2) was treated with finishing solutions, composed of glutaraldehyde, DMeDHEU and sericin and fabrics were padded through the finishing solutions without sericin added, and it was treated as control were done by Kongdee A, et al. [6] on modification of Cotton Fibers with Sericin Using Non-Formaldehyde Released Cross linking Agents then characterize and analyses treated cotton fabrics with A Vector 22 FTIR spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (Jeol, JSM5410LV, Japan) as well as Data Color 650 spectrophotometer (USA) and after air drying, the color strength, and L- and b-values, of samples were measured using Data Color 650 spectrophotometer (USA) for measurement of Dyeing samples with acid dye.
For modification of cotton fibers with magnetite and magnetic core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles
David patino-ruiz et al., 2018, modification of cotton fibers with magnetite and magnetic core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles were declared by using different chemicals to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles according to the copricipitation methods and the magnetic core-shall mesoporous silica nanoparticles were synthesized adapted from previous report then the cotton fiber were cleaned and modified prior to nanoparticles deposition with PDDS and PSS and the deposition of magnetite and core-shall mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Finally different characterization of the modified sample is carried out like X-ray diffraction pattern using Bruker D8 Advance ECO powder diffract meter with Cu-Ka radiation. Vibrating sample magnometer by quantum design and TEM image were obtained from tecnai T12 sprite microscope also be used. Scanning electron microscope using EDX system, thermo-gravimetric using TA instrument, and Fourier transform spectroscopy in Nicolet magna 760 FTIR spectrometer were used under this work.
For functional finishing of cotton fabrics using zinc oxide–soluble starch nanocomposites
reagents were of analytical grade without further purification are used with cotton fabrics and soluble starch to synthesize nano- ZnO then characterize nano-ZnO using UV–visible spectrum in a Specord 50 ANALYTIKJENA® spectrophotometer, from 200 to 900 nm, Photoluminescence spectra were recorded in a Perkin Elmer LS55® Spectrofluorimeter using 90◦ illumination, the amount of soluble starch that was bound with the ZnO nanoparticles was obtained from a thermo-gravimetric, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of nano-ZnO was analyzed with a PANalytical X’pert PRO MPD® x-ray diffractometer, The nano-ZnO samples were mounted on specimen stubs and examined with a Philips® XL 30 scanning electron microscope (SEM). Coating of cotton fabrics with nano- ZnO then characterization of nano-ZnO coated cotton fabrics with elemental analysis like an atomic absorption spectrometer using an Avanta® PM unit, scanning electron microscopy, The antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics impregnated with nano-ZnO, evaluation was carried out with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), a Grampositive bacterium and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352), a Gram-negative bacterium. The ability of a fabric to block UV light is given by the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values and UPF values are calculated according to AATCC test method.
For durable anti-pilling modification of cotton fabric with chloropyrimidine compounds
Plain woven and bleached cotton fabric and all the reagents used were analytically pure and used without any further purification. Stable and durable dispersed emulsions of chloropyrimidine compounds were prepared by the high shear emulsification method then preparation of Chloropyrimidine- Modified cotton fabric after making the cotton clean to make it free from any contamination. The control and modified cotton fabrics were dyed with reactive dyestuffs by an exhaustion method to observe the dyeing characteristics. Finally characterization antipilling behavior, surface morphology, FTIR spectra, XRD powder patterns, thermal stability, heat release property of modified and control cotton fabrics was evaluated by modified Martindale method ISO 12945-2: 2000, scanning electron microscope, FTIR instrument (Nicolet 5700, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., New York, NY, USA), Philips X’pert-pro MRD, Pyris Diamond TG-DTA thermal analyzer, FTT0001 Micro Calorimeter Combustion (MCC) instrument respectively. also washing durability, tensile properties, bending and surface friction properties test for the cotton samples was conducted according to the standard AATCC61-2006 method in the Wash Tec-P Fastness Tester, Instron 3365 Universal Testing Machine. Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (Kato Tech Co., Ltd., Kyoto,Japan) accordingly. The colorfastness of rubbing and washing with soap was determined according to ISO 105-X16 and ISO 105-C10.
All the chemicals used were of analytical grade with pretreated plain weaved gray cotton sample then irradiation is done by expose cotton to absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy using Cs- 137 gamma irradiator and mercerization was performed using different solutions of NaOH. For comparative study with gamma ray treatment after bleaching, mercerized fabric was dyed at various temperatures and subjected to CIE lab system for the evaluation of color strength to get optimum concentration of alkali for mercerization. Dyeing of the cotton fabric (mercerized or gamma irradiated) was performed using the exhaust method and the dyed fabrics (gamma irradiated or mercerized) were analyzed using Spectraflash SF600, finally evaluation of characteristics of fabrics like the color fastness to washing, light, and rubbing of the dyed fabrics. The ISO methods ISO105BO2 (for light fastness), ISO105- CO3 (for washing fastness), and ISO105X-12 (for rubbing fastness), ASTMD 5034 (tensile strength test), and ASTMD 1424(tear strength), weight loss percentage in calculation of the dyed fabrics were used by Zahid M, et al. [10].
Result and Discussion
For functionalized cotton fiber with 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane
Functionalized Cotton Fiber with 3-Glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane is due to monomer concentration on modification of cotton fiber results percent graft yield increased with an increase of silane concentration up to 400% for GPTES, with the increase of pH value up to 3.5 and ethanol/water ratio up to 40:60for GPTES and then decreased, with the increase of reaction temperature up to 30 °C for GPTES and then decreased with further increase of temperature. The dye exhaustion of the GPTES-modified cotton fiber was higher than that of unmodified washed cotton fiber and the dye exhaustion increased with an increase in the percent graft yield. The FTIR spectra of unmodified and silane-modified cotton fibers were mostly similar, except the new at 860 cm-1 and 1207 cm-1 for Si-OH symmetric stretch and Si-O-C bond, respectively. Surface roughness of the GPTES-modified cotton fiber is higher with a broad peaks and it became more amorphous as a consequence of further hydrolysis of the crystalline regions of cotton. The unmodified cotton fibers with silane coupling agents, there is a decrease of the swelling in the polar solvents and an increase in the non polar solvent. The thermal stability tensile strength, wrinkle recovery angle and flexibility of modified cotton fiber were higher than that of unmodified cotton fiber. Since the treated fiber sites are blocked the fiber changed to less affinity for moisture.
For surface modification of cotton fabrics using plasma technology
When the gray cotton fabric was treated in air plasma the weight loss is 1.12% for one minute of treatment, which is rather low but as the time of treatment was increased, the loss of weight started rising to 6% which is much higher than desized, scoured, and bleached samples. The morphology of treated surfaces look damaged or abraded due to etching. Crystalline index was increases from 0.3 to 0.6 and time of absorption decreased from 3600sec for the gray fabric to less than a few seconds when the plasma treatment was carried out for about eight minutes. Using air plasma lead to formation of C=O or C-N bonds or the breaking of CH bonds, which increased wet ability and wick ability as well as the enhancement in the surface roughness properties. When reactive and natural dye was used the color strength increased after the plasma treatment, whereas for the direct dye there was a decrease in the strength because of etching away of the amorphous regions during the plasma treatment. The SEM photomicrographs showed fibril-like formations on the surface and the contact angle decreased from 139° to that corresponding to the control fabric 122° after five washes and there is a loss in the tensile strength from 52 to 40MPa after treatment for eight minutes. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic there is incorporation of oxygen-containing moieties on the surface, as evidenced by the enhanced intensity of the peak at 285.6eV.Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance studies shows the spectra that the absorption bands due to O–H and C–H bonds are clearly seen at 3270 and 2925 per cm at these peaks decrease considerably on treatment with DCFM plasma. Similarly, the areas of absorption bands appearing at 1743 and 1422 per cm also decrease after the DCFM treatment. Thus it appears that O–H, C–H bonds in the cellulose are getting scissoned and H is being replaced with either F or Cl from the DCFM.
For super hydrophobic cotton textile with robust composite film and flame retardancy
Amine zinc oxide and ZnO-coated films is formed after fluorinations of the cotton surface. During covalent deposition, numerous embossment caused by ZnO at the submicron level had been emerging and creating a rough film on the fiber surface and the ZnO-coated textile transformed from super hydrophilic to super hydrophobic with a WCA of 158±1° after fluorination, show no obvious change on the size and morphology of the ZnO attached to the sample surface. The combination of roughness with ZnO and layer with lower surface energy is pivotal for achieving a super hydrophobic cotton fiber with polystyrene to decrease roughness. Since flammability of cotton in 18.3% is limited to industrial applications so the epoxy resin and APDMS treatment increase to 21%. Zinc oxide, coupling agent nano composite film show the most effective for flame retrardance and thermal stability than epoxy resin per fluorocarbon silane and polystyrene. The thermal degradation after 5min ultrasonic washing of cotton fiber treated with ZnO film without PS or epoxy resin is lower. The abrasion resistance test has been slightly damaged with a WCA of 145°, showing the outstanding abrasion resistance and supper hydrophobic durability. A chemical stability of the sample didn’t show visible change although both sample before and after PS treatment display excellent separation process.
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