Authored by Shah Md Rajibul Islam*,
Short Communication
Choroidal neovascularization is a manifestation of the diseases affecting choroid, Bruch’s membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) consists of an abnormal growth of vessels originating from the choroid, located initially within the layers of Bruch’s membrane; subsequently it may penetrate the RPE and grow under neurosensory retina. CNVM in the macular area results in severe visual loss [1].
The pathogenesis of CNV is multifactorial. Alterations in Bruch’s membrane, migration of macrophages and production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), play an important role in the development of this disease. CNVM may occur as an idiopathic entity or in association with number of pathological conditions like age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), pathologic myopia, angioid streaks, choroidal tears, in certain inflammatory diseases of choroid and retina, among others [1,2].
Histologically, neovascular membranes are classified into:
• Type 1 when the neovascular membrane is located below the RPE.
• Type 2 passes through the RPE and is located above the RPE in the subretinal space.
• Type 3 also known as Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation (RAP), corresponds to neovascularization that develops within the neurosensory retina [3].
Type 1 CNV is observed by OCT-A as a neovascular coralliform complex with afferent vessel, originating in the choroid. Type 2 CNV is visualized as a neovascular network that grows from the choroid vasculature, traverses the RPE-Bruch’s membrane complex into the subretinal space. Type 3 CNV is clinically seen as tiny intra- and subretinal hemorrhages that correlate on OCT-A to an intraretinal anastomosis originating in the deep capillary plexus of the retina [4].
Any disease that results in an abnormality at the level of the RPE-Bruch’s membrane-choriocapillary complex, can be associated with CNVM. The incidence of CNVM in pathological myopia is approximately 5% [5]. The reported incidence of CNVM is 60% to 86% in eyes with angioid streaks [6]. CNVM in the macular area is a major cause of visual loss in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS). CNVM occurs in other inflammatory conditions like multifocal choroiditis, serpiginous choroiditis and certain other inflammatory diseases [1]. When CNVM develops in the absence of atrophic chorioretinal scar, drusen or another retinal abnormality, it is termed idiopathic [1].
Traumatic ruptures of the Bruch’s membrane are commonly seen following severe contusion injuries to the eye. Late loss of central vision following trauma can occur due to development of CNVM. Choroidal osteoma is a benign ossifying tumour of the eye which is often associated with CNVM [1].
Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is an ageing change within the macula at around 50 years and older individuals [7]. Age related changes in the Bruch’s membrane and drusen formation is the primary pathogenesis [8]. ARMD is the third leading cause of blindness following cataract and glaucoma, and the wet variety, responsible for 90% of visual loss, is characterized by the presence of CNVM [9].
The classification of CNVM is based on the extension of abnormal neovascularization [10]. Fundus fluorescein angiogram (FFA) is the current standard investigation to diagnose and monitor disease progression [11]. But FFA also has some disadvantages. There are contraindications of its use as well as adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, and anaphylactic shock, even death [12].
In 2015, Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT A) became available for clinical use. Since then features of diabetic retinopathy, choroidal neovascularization, macular telangiectasia, vascular occlusion has been characterized by OCT A. OCT A is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses motion contrast to create high resolution depth resolved angiographic images of vascular flow [11]. The software compares the phase variance between consecutive OCT B scans acquired at the same retinal cross section to detect motion contrast. Differences represent movement of red blood cells within the vessels. From multiple retinal cross sections, a retinal map can be constructed. This allows simultaneous evaluation of retinal blood flow pattern and structural information. OCT angiograms can be segmented into different layers to evaluate different vascular layer separately [13,14]. OCT A imaging also enables quantitative analysis of neovascular complexes over time.
The limitations of OCT A are that image resolution is reduced when scanning area is increased. This can be improved by montaging multiple smaller scans together. Multiple OCT A image artifacts can affect the image quality. Motion artifacts due to blinking or gross eye movement appear as black and white lines vertically and horizontally. Motion correction software can result in vessel doubling, stretching of image and loss of detail. Signal attenuation can occur. Automated software (can remove these artifacts) [15].
The short acquisition time and noninvasive nature of OCTA may provide a practical modality for sequential imaging in patients with CNVM [16].
To read more about this article...Open access Journal of Ophthalmology & Vision Research
Please follow the URL to access more information about this article
To know more about our Journals...Iris Publishers
To know about Open Access Publishers
No comments:
Post a Comment