Effect of Oral Clonidine on Hemodynamic Changes due to Laryngoscopy, Intubation and Operative Procedures Stress Response - Pharmacy & Pharmacology Research

Induction  of general anesthesia, direct  laryngoscopy and  endotracheal  intubation  induce  marked  cardiovascular changes as well as autonomic reflex activity [1]. Laryngoscopy with or without tracheal intubation amounts to a highly noxious stimulus to  the  homeostasis of  the  patient.  Many  a  time under lighter planes of anesthesia it elicits a defense mechanism in the form of  hemodynamic  response  to  stress,  which  involves  activation  of adrenocortical system [2]. The response may be particularly hazardous  for  patients  with  cardiovascular  and  cerebrovascular  diseases [3]. 

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