Iris Publishers- Open access Journal of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science | Agricultural Activity and Chemical Water Pollution
Authored by Peña BSD
This article reviews the water pollution by phosphate and sulfate
anions, present in detergents and fertilizers; its consequences
for the environment involves public health and food production. Mexican
regulation for non- degradable detergents and wastewater
must be updated, since in some countries these detergents are prohibited
due to their negative impact on the environment.
Agricultural production according to the report of [1], is the main source of chemical contamination of water, due among other causes to the excessive use of fertilizers containing phosphorus, phosphates, nitrates and pesticides; also livestock activity through animal droppings whose runoff to bodies of water are another possible source of contamination with phosphorus and the use of detergents (phosphates and sulphates), within the livestock facilities.
Currently pastures for animal consumption and agricultural crops for human consumption must be produced in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Such is the case of the studies carried out by Mexican researchers, whose results show that higher yields of the crops are produced with the use of bio-fertilizers. The fertilizers used in agricultural production belong to the group of superphosphates, which are a source of contamination of groundwater, being dragged by rain and soil winds; since it is estimated that the crops absorb between 20 to 40% of the fertilizers applied and the rest is discarded causing water pollution, among other environmental phenomena such as acid rain and climate change. However, its use dates back to the 50’s. Mexico imports about 63% of the fertilizers used in agricultural production. So the development of bio-fertilizers for some years, has been a strategy to avoid environmental damage, caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers contain microorganisms that live in symbiosis with plants that help them feed and protect themselves from predators [2]. The best known are the mycorrhizal fungi that provide phosphorus to the plant and Bacillus bacteria (All-Taweil et al., 2009; Pooja et al, 2007). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms [3], such as Fusarium oxisporum, Trichoderma aureoviridae, Aspergillus aculeatus, are considered as an alternative to replace synthetic fertilizers in agricultural fields (FAO, 2008).
Cleaning agents or detergents, are chemical products intended for the washing of machinery and inputs in the livestock industry, which are used without any restriction; However, detergents contain chemical substances such as phosphates that reduce the hardness of water, favoring the function of surfactants, which help to modify the surface tension of water and can be: zwitterionic, amphoteric, anionic, cationic and non-ionic [4].
In 1940, detergents were introduced to the world market [5], which improved the cleanliness with respect to the products that contained soap as a base; sodium tripolyphosphate being its main ingredient [6]. which represents a small portion of the phosphate market, while 85% is dedicated to the production of fertilizers [6]. Decades later he was assigned alterations in fauna in lakes with a high content of phosphates, because they are not compounds of easy degradation but remain for long periods of time, so the search for new compounds that are degradable mainly in developed countries, since the impact of their use such as increases in the amount of nutrients in water effluents such as rivers and lakes, the decrease in the amount of oxygen and imbalance in fish or aquatic life [6], an impact that still affects countries in Europe, Japan and the United States [7,8].
To read more...Journal of dairy science
Agricultural production according to the report of [1], is the main source of chemical contamination of water, due among other causes to the excessive use of fertilizers containing phosphorus, phosphates, nitrates and pesticides; also livestock activity through animal droppings whose runoff to bodies of water are another possible source of contamination with phosphorus and the use of detergents (phosphates and sulphates), within the livestock facilities.
Currently pastures for animal consumption and agricultural crops for human consumption must be produced in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Such is the case of the studies carried out by Mexican researchers, whose results show that higher yields of the crops are produced with the use of bio-fertilizers. The fertilizers used in agricultural production belong to the group of superphosphates, which are a source of contamination of groundwater, being dragged by rain and soil winds; since it is estimated that the crops absorb between 20 to 40% of the fertilizers applied and the rest is discarded causing water pollution, among other environmental phenomena such as acid rain and climate change. However, its use dates back to the 50’s. Mexico imports about 63% of the fertilizers used in agricultural production. So the development of bio-fertilizers for some years, has been a strategy to avoid environmental damage, caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers contain microorganisms that live in symbiosis with plants that help them feed and protect themselves from predators [2]. The best known are the mycorrhizal fungi that provide phosphorus to the plant and Bacillus bacteria (All-Taweil et al., 2009; Pooja et al, 2007). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms [3], such as Fusarium oxisporum, Trichoderma aureoviridae, Aspergillus aculeatus, are considered as an alternative to replace synthetic fertilizers in agricultural fields (FAO, 2008).
Cleaning agents or detergents, are chemical products intended for the washing of machinery and inputs in the livestock industry, which are used without any restriction; However, detergents contain chemical substances such as phosphates that reduce the hardness of water, favoring the function of surfactants, which help to modify the surface tension of water and can be: zwitterionic, amphoteric, anionic, cationic and non-ionic [4].
In 1940, detergents were introduced to the world market [5], which improved the cleanliness with respect to the products that contained soap as a base; sodium tripolyphosphate being its main ingredient [6]. which represents a small portion of the phosphate market, while 85% is dedicated to the production of fertilizers [6]. Decades later he was assigned alterations in fauna in lakes with a high content of phosphates, because they are not compounds of easy degradation but remain for long periods of time, so the search for new compounds that are degradable mainly in developed countries, since the impact of their use such as increases in the amount of nutrients in water effluents such as rivers and lakes, the decrease in the amount of oxygen and imbalance in fish or aquatic life [6], an impact that still affects countries in Europe, Japan and the United States [7,8].
To read more...Journal of dairy science
To view more Journals...Iris Publishers
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