Authored by Halil Ibrahim Polat
The road is the main instrument of urban thought and urban image. Since the existence of mankind, they have made some practices in order to reach the places they created. Transportation should be the first criterion for building a city. For this reason, the road parameter should be in one of the priority orders in the zoning areas both in the construction of new cities and in the process of urban transformation. There is a long-running process challenging a lot of planning standards for settlements area to be transformed. Urban transformation studies in the world have difficulties in accordance with international planning criteria because of the unlicensed and illegally built high rates in the existing risky areas and the number of the population residing in these areas which is considerably higher than the density value of the approved current plans. From 1950’s onwards, planning of urban informal settlements which are heavily populated for various reasons by slum dwellers could find application area due to social and political influences. This situation brought along some social problems. It is seen that parameters such as urban facilities, technical infrastructure and transportation are transformed into secondary issue in the planning studies, mainly due to the high floor area ratio (FAR) and building coverage ratio (BCR) demands by stakeholders. The demand to increase the value of FAR leads directly to increase in population density, thus resulting in the depreciation of social facilities and transport area in existing transformation zone and the deprivation of living facilities in healthy urban areas. In this study, especially in the new places where the transformation application will be carried out, an idea is made about the percentage and amount of road required for planning in accordance with international standards and suggestions are tried to be developed.
Introduction
The road is expressed as the distance traveled on land, in the air, in the water to go from place to place [1]. It can be said that it is an image of civilization. The place where the road was taken and the area where it is exceeded can be a measure of height, communication, culture, economy and well-being (Figure 1). It is the main parameter of the so-called urban. Roads to the focal point of the places that humanity has established since the existence of humanity. In this context, a civilization cannot be depicted without a path (Figure 1). The road points to a city. The city also ruled that there are people living there. In this context, when you build a city, you need to specify the routes that will be built in itself. It is no longer difficult to put the road space needed in the new settlements in line with the planning criteria. Because the new settlements are witnessing the moment in which the time is experienced, it can give the exact amount of land required. The main problem is generally in the old settlements. One of the biggest problems is the areas to be set off when the need for a possible urban transformation occurs in the regions formed mostly in the amorphous streets and in the buildings that have completed their life cycle (Figure 2). Because, at present, people do not renounce the dimensions of the buildings they are accommodating in and demand more. This issue is one of the main problems especially among the executives and residents during the transformation process.For the optimal planning of land use in a region, the relationship between the parameters related to the land should be enabled to make the optimum plan. In this respect, it is thought that benefiting from a mathematical calculation method or project may be a platform for a more efficient planning study. Thus, it is understood that urban planning and design factors play a significant role in the reduction of earthquake damages as well as the formation of urban image. In urban design, it is not possible to produce independent decisions from city planning criteria and urban development plans. Because, the decisions that will be developed unconsciously as the plan decisions in urban design significantly direct the city’s local or regional seismic behavior negatively [3]. In this context, one of the main factors of the construction of a qualified city is the correct planning of the transportation network corridors that organize the city. In light of national and international standards and recommendations, this paper allows for a planning study by taking into account the needs of an area for social and physical equipment and allows to measure the effectiveness of the road parameter in combining planning, architectural thinking, engineering parameters, and environmental impacts (Figure 2). In this study, it is aimed to put forward a discussion on what should be the rate of road in a region by considering the international standards in new settlements and urban transformation planned areas. In some cities, where the data can be accessed firstly, the areas allocated for transportation in the land were reached. Methodologically, firstly the rate of areas allocated to the road have been reached in urban areas in some countries where data can be accessed. This study covered the three largest cities in Turkey; Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and some other cities on which the surveyed. The main reason for this is that the urban population densities and zoning parameters of these cities may be misleading.
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