Authored by Bin Zhao
Sleep plays an important role in learning and memory processing in our daily life. There is also a direct correlation to insufficient sleep increasing the risk of diabetes. As sleep can be broadly divided into SWS sleep and REM sleep within a SWS_REM cycle, this paper presents a literature review aiming to firstly summary the sequential contributions of these two kinds of sleep on declarative and procedural memory consolidation and then explain the neurobiological root of memory impairment under sleep deprivation. An attempt was made to formulate some mathematical models on neuron of sleep and memory process which are the important physiological phenomena of human beings. We find out that Nervousness, Age and Sex have great influence on sleep and memory quality, among which Nervousness has the strongest influence on sleep and memory quality. As a stepping stone in this direction, the present study is designed with a molecular docking and biomathematical approach to formulate some speculations to construct virtual neuron and consolidation of sleep and memory process.
Keywords: Virtual neuron; Two-stage model; SWS sleep; REM sleep; Memory consolidation; Sleep deprivation
Introduction
The relationship between sleep and memory never fails to fascinate human beings as we always keep curious about how the memory form and consolidate [1]. Nevertheless, recent developments in molecular genetics, neurophysiology, and the cognitive neurosciences have produced a striking body of research that provides converging evidence for an important role of sleep in learning and the reprocessing of memories. Also, sleep deprivation has become a prevalent public health epidemic with a wide range of harmful consequences, including memory and cognitive impairment [2], some scientists tend to focus attention on the neurobiological root of this universal human experience.Previous Work
Effects of sleep stage on consolidation early study of different sleep stages in memory consolidation in rats mainly focused on REM sleep (Random Eye Movement sleep) and the consequences of REMD (REM sleep deprivation) by repeatedly waking subjects at the first signs of REM sleep. All these memory tasks were typically emotionally loaded as it has been proved that REM sleep priority to improve the consolidation of memory emotions [3,4], and it turned out that REMD is only valid for a specific period of time after learning — the so-called “REM sleep window” [5,6].The first evidence of the causal role of SWS (Slow Wave Sleep) reactivation during memory consolidation comes from the study of human spatial location in the presence of odor [7]. Reactivation activates hippocampal memory redistribution to new cortical storage locations. On the other hand, another hypothesis, named ‘sequential hypothesis’, which argues that the best benefit of sleep for consolidating declarative and non-declarative memory occurs when SWS and REM sleep occur one after the other is also verified by the cross effect of SWS/REM on declarative/procedural memory consolidation [8,9].
The Effects of Sleep/Sleep Deprivation on Memory
Sleep’s promotion on memory consolidation
Sleep is characterized by the rapid occurrence of REM sleep and non-REM sleep, including slow wave sleep (SWS, Phases 3 and 4) and light sleep Phases 1 and 2 (see Figure 1, part a). In humans, the first part of the night (early sleep) is characterized by a high amount of SWS, while REM sleep is dominant in the lower half (late sleep). SWS and REM sleep are characterized by a specific pattern of electric field potential oscillations (see Figure 1, part b) (Figure 1).In subsequent rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the brain system operates in a “separated” mode, which is also associated with separation between long-term and temporary storage. This enables a synaptic consolidation of the local encapsulation process, which reinforces the memory characterization of system integration during previous SWS (thick line). In general, memory gets the best results from slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. However, due to their different characteristics, integrated declarative memory (which combines the characteristics of different memories in different memory systems) theoretically benefits more from SWS-related system integration, with specific and discrete procedural memory benefits more from REM sleep — associated synapse consolidation in the local brain circuit [10] (Figure 2).
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