Authored by Ajoy Roy*
Abstract
In recent decades, scientific research giving more attention to the development of bio-based polymer composites due to the extensive usage of petroleum-based fillers as well as polymer matrices for the generation of polymer composites. In this study, high-moisture regain nature of cellulosic jute fiber significant drawback for jute-based application to reduce the issue and develop better interfacial adhesion hydrophobic nonwoven PP wetlaid glass-fiber matt used with polycaprolactone as a matrix. Nonwoven jute fabric categorized in untreated, silane, alkali, and silane alkali combined modified afterward compounded with the solution of polycaprolactone (PCL). Fabrication of composite performed following sandwich method according to different hot-pressing time, pressure, and temperature for detecting a prominent fabrication parameter. Hence, mechanical properties like tensile and impact strength investigation performed to find the consequence after chemical treatment from the non-woven jute fabric resulting in 48.38%, 32.04% improved in tensile strength, and modulus with 39.58% reduced impact strength in alkali silane combined treated composite over untreated optimized composites- the scanning electron microscope (SEM) used for displaying interfacial adhesion between fiber and polymer matrix. Besides, further investigation demonstrating due to combined treatment of alkali and silane optimized composites significantly enhanced the thermogravimetric (TGA) stability in contrast to other composites.
Keywords: Bio-composites; Poly-caprolactone; Woven jute fabric; Chemical treatment; Mechanical properties; Nonwoven wet-laid glass fiber
Introduction
Composite is a substance that’s formed using mixing two or more verity of substances in such a way that the outcome substances delivered with properties superior contrast to ordinary ones. Polymer matrix-based reinforces composite got comparatively more attraction compared to ceramic and metal matrix as well as in the area of textile and material research. The exceptional resistance of glass fibers into the ecological assault produced glass-fiber-reinforced polymers more appealing among food and chemical sectors as well as due to low elongation at break, better stiffness and strength with preferable properties turned PCL significant biopolymer contributor in the area of tissue engineering, medical surgery, aerospace, construction industry, automobile, environmental engineering application as well as unremittingly opening new industrial possibilities are broadening day by day [1-5]. Ordinary jute can be utilized for elementary and non-invasive industrial textile items, whether expected property achieved throughout proper modification, as well as the industry can be capable of offering professional and environmentally friendly products within a reasonable price. Jute has a good enough mechanical property of high specific mechanical strength, good moisture regains (13.75%) and 100% degradable, renewable resources, ease of access, lower-cost, highly breathable, and lower contamination emission to nature [6]. These factors make jute fiber along with coir, flax, sisal, pineapple, ramie, hemp, and kenaf
a high point of interest for researchers for using as a reinforcing material [7-9]. As a second, most used organic fiber jute will be an outstanding substitute, whereas prospective high specific strength, nonrenewable resources, and a comparatively lower price is an important issue [10]. On the other hand, glass fiber gained enormous attention from the past century to the researchers in compared to other synthetic fiber benefits including significant stiffness, high heat, corrosive and impact resistance, comparatively lower price and simplicity of setup, better processability, relatively better immunity to environmental substances and fatigue [11]. For this reason, a substitute for concrete, wood, and metal materials with glass fiber used a broad array utilizing in fabricating different types of composites such as insulation, heat and corrosionresistant application and noise reduction [12]. Jarukumjorn K, et al. investigated the tensile strength and bending strength improved after using glass fiber as reinforcement in the sisal-PP composite without influencing tensile and bending modulus as well as significant improvement exhibited in the thermal degradation along with moisture absorption properties of the composite. Manually chopped short length jute with glass fiber reinforced hybrid PET composites exhibit significant improvements in mechanical property due to affecting heap order [13-15]. Velmurugan R, et al. studied adding glass fiber with palmyra hybrid composite improves the mechanical property and adding extra glass fiber exhibited further improvements in successive rate [16]. Tanzina H, et al. performed a comparative interfacial property evaluation of jute glass-fiber-reinforced PET composite results exhibited glass matt-pet composites comparatively better mechanical (Tensile, flexural and water absorption) properties compared to other composites in the experimental group [17]. Boopalan M, et al. executed a comparative investigation in jute-sisal reinforced PLA bio composites where jute reinforced PLA bio composites outcome revealed significantly improved mechanical properties than sisal [18]. Munikenche TG, et al. analyzed the mechanical property test of jute-glass-fiber reinforced polyester figured even though mechanical properties of jute/polyester composites tend not to own matrix and strengths as large as those of other traditional composites, they could process much better advantages than timber composites and several plastics. Besides, they have some drawbacks, too; weak interfacial adhesion between natural fiber and thermoplastic is the major problem that can overcome by treating the surface of fiber using different chemical processing. Alkali treatment washes out the impurities of fiber and increases the interfacial bonding between the fiber and thermoplastic polymer as well as micro-fibril rearrange of cellulosic content and lignin dissolving of highly hydrophobic content of fiber [19]. After investigating previous studies, soaking jute fibers fiber in a solution of silane coupling agent for surface treatment resulting in better mechanical properties with strong interfacial adhesion also exhibited slightly improved outcomes in thermal stability over untreated even more then alkali-treated bio composites broadly contemplated in [20]. Gassan, et al. performed an investigation in epoxy with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) treated jute and concluded with a result of enhanced 100% of dynamic modulus over untreated experimental composites. Wang, Xue, et al. studied woven jute with silane coupling agent (KH560) modified epoxy laminated composite trend to better adhesion between fiber epoxy with enhanced crystallinity and thermal stability, 10 times better silicon grafted in jute fiber exhibit upon EDS observation as well as tensile strength (42%), tensile modulus (39%), bending strength (49%) and flexural modulus (51%) enhanced due to silane treatment compared to untreated woven jute which is comparatively better than few wood-based composite application. Having OH and amine (Primary NH2 Secondary NH4) groups, the silane coupling agent can help to set up a bond between the fibers and polycaprolactone (PCL). Debeli, et el; performed comparative investigation and result exhibited natural fiber reinforced PLA bio composites and concluded with fiber, which surfaces treated with silane coupling agent and alkali exhibited noticeable outstanding results in the area of tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and impact strength as well as enhanced burial degradation process demonstrated over untreated bio composites. Both jute and glass fiber have a significant property to develop advanced products as well as further research needed.
However, only a few researchers investigated and fabricated woven jute, and wet laid glass fiber sheet reinforced PCL composites using hot pressing. In this research paper, jute fibers chemically treated (Silane coupling agent, alkali and combined) along with commercial untreated woven jute fabric for the comparative purpose and design containing eight optimized sample prepared throughout the hot-pressing method according to different compression molding temperature, time and pressure to find out preeminent processing condition for the optimized nonwoven jute and glass fiber reinforced PCL composites.
In this experiment, polycaprolactone (PCL) granules used as a matrix, dichloromethane (DCM) used as a solvent for dissolving PCL. Alkali (sodium hydroxide)-NaOH ≥ 98% pure, and silane coupling agent (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane)-KH560 ≥ 98% with a molecular weight of 236.34 used for fiber surface modification supplied from mike chemical instrument co. Ltd, Hongkong. Moreover, woven jute fabric collected from the local market of Narsingdi, Dhaka, Bangladesh-1200, then cut manually 20x20cm & specimens comprising 40 wt. % jute fibers fabricated using the hot-pressing method. Nonwoven wet-laid glass fiber sheet obtained from Dalian filter material co. Ltd, China, for using as a reinforcement of PCL (Table 1).
Fiber treatment and composite fabrication
A solution of 7% (7g for 100 mL water) NaOH has been prepared. Jute fiber matt (20x20 cm) dipped in a solution of 7% NaOH and dried in a woven (Shanghai hasuc tools fabricate co. ltd. model: DHG-90538) at 80 °c temperature for 60 minutes. After completion of drying, kept 9 hours at room temperature. Again, jute fibers saturated in a solution of KH-560 (7g/100 ml water) and kept for a maximum of 10 hours at room temperature. Moreover, non-woven jute fibers were saturated in a solution of 7% NaOH and 7% KH-560/100 ml water for comparison purposes. Furthermore, due to comprises an epoxy group in KH-560 that functions as an organofunctional silane lead to enhance comparatively better interfacial adhesion among fibers and reinforced matrix. A threestage mechanism of KH-560 with jute fiber as well as NaOH chemical reaction with jute fibers representing in Figure 1. In the primary stage, silanol and alcohol formed using a reaction with water, and a stable covalent bond also created using reaction with a fiber hydroxyl group [21]. Methyl functional group of silanes will react with the matrix hydroxyl group when they reinforced together; thus, an enhanced bond formed within matrix and silane coupling acid trend to enhanced interfacial adhesion within jute fiber and PCL matrix. Afterward, both treated jute fibers had rinsed with regular water using acetic acid till surplus alkali (NaOH) and silane (KH-560) removed away and maintained a pH value of 5 for both chemically treated fiber due to enhancing hydrolysis process. Subsequently, completion of the treatment process, both treated fibers dried in woven at 80°C for 5 hours separately for reduced the absorbed moisture content and eliminate unwanted void space during the fabrication of composites (Figures 2&3).
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